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Six bacterial strains, Mut1 T , Mut2, Alt1, Alt2, Alt3 T , and Alt4, were isolated from soil samples collected in parks in Gothenburg, Sweden, based on their ability to utilize the insoluble polysaccharides α-1,3-glucan (mutan; Mut strains) or the mixed-linkage α-1,3/α-1,6-glucan (alternan; Alt strains). Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified all strains as members of the genus Streptomyces . The genomes of the strains were sequenced and subsequent phylogenetic analyses identified Mut2 as a strain of Streptomyces laculatispora and Alt1, Alt2 and Alt4 as strains of Streptomyces poriferorum, while Mut1 T and Alt3 T were most closely related to the type strains Streptomyces drozdowiczii NBRC 101007 T and Streptomyces atroolivaceus NRRL ISP-5137 T , respectively. Comprehensive genomic and biochemical characterizations were conducted, highlighting typical features of Streptomyces , such as large genomes (8.0-9.6 Mb) with high G+C content (70.5-72.0%). All six strains also encode a wide repertoire of putative carbohydrate-active enzymes, indicating a capability to utilize various complex polysaccharides as carbon sources such as starch, mutan, and cellulose, which was confirmed experimentally. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization, our study suggests that strains Mut1 T and Alt3 T represent novel species in the genus Streptomyces for which the names Streptomyces castrisilvae sp. nov. and Streptomyces glycanivorans sp. nov. are proposed, with strains Mut1 T (=DSM 117248 T =CCUG 77596 T ) and Alt3 T (=DSM 117252 T =CCUG 77600 T ) representing the respective type strains.

Two novel actinobacteria, designated as LP05-1 T and LP11 T , were isolated from the lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. collected in Bangkok, Thailand. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses revealed that both strains represented members of the genus Streptomyces . The 16S rRNA gene of LP05-1 T showed the highest similarity to the genome of Streptomyces gelaticus (98.41 %), while the 16S rRNA gene of LP11 T was most similar to that of Streptomyces cinerochromogenes (98.93 %). The major menaquinones in LP05-1 T were MK-9(H 8 ), MK-9(H 6 ), MK-9(H 4 ) and MK-9(H 2 ), and in LP11 T , they were MK-9(H 8 ) and MK-9(H 6 ). Both strains exhibited the major fatty acids iso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 , with LP05-1 T also possessing iso-C 17 : 0 . The polar lipids of LP05-1 T included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unidentified lipid, while those of LP11 T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso -phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values indicated that both strains are distinct from each other with values below 70 and 95 %, respectively. dDDH, ANI by blast (ANIb) and ANI by MUMmer (ANIm) values between LP05-1 T and its closely related type strains were 26.07-26.80 %, 81.24-82.01 % and 86.82-86.96 %, respectively, while those for LP11 T and its closely related type strains were 30.70-31.70 %, 84.09-85.31 % and 88.02-88.39 %, respectively. The results of the taxonomic investigation, including dDDH and ANI values, indicate that LP05-1 T and LP11 T are novel type strains of two novel species within the genus Streptomyces . The names proposed are Streptomyces pyxinae sp. nov. for strain LP05-1 T (=TBRC 15494 T , =NBRC 115434 T ) and Streptomyces pyxinicus sp. nov. for strain LP11 T (=TBRC 15493 T , =NBRC 115421 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive actinomycete, designated REN17 T , was isolated from fermented grains of Baijiu collected from Sichuan, PR China. It exhibited branched substrate mycelia and a sparse aerial mycelium. The optimal growth conditions for REN17 T were determined to be 28 °C and pH 7, with a NaCl concentration of 0 % (w/v). ll-Diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic amino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan and the polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified lipids and four unidentified glycolipids. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H 2 ), MK-9 (H 4 ), MK-9 (H 6 ) and MK-9 (H 8 ). The major fatty acids were iso-C 16 : 0 . The 16S rRNA sequence of REN17 T was most closely related to those of Streptomyces apricus SUN 51 T (99.8 %), Streptomyces liliiviolaceus BH-SS-21 T (99.6 %) and Streptomyces umbirnus JCM 4521 T (98.9 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identify values between REN17 T and its closest replated strain, of S. apricus SUN 51 T , were 35.9, 88.9 and 87.3 %, respectively. Therefore, REN17 T represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces beigongshangae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is REN17 T (=GDMCC 4.193 T =JCM 34712 T ). While exploring the function of the strain, REN17 T was found to possess the ability to transform major ginsenosides of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Araliaceae) into minor ginsenoside through HPLC separation, which was due to the presence of β-glucosidase. The recombinant β-glucosidase was constructed and purified, which could produce minor ginsenosides of Rg3 and C-K. Finally, the enzymatic properties were characterized.

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CWNU-1 T , was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The organism developed pale blue aerial mycelia that was simply branched and terminated in open or closed coils of three or more volutions on International Streptomyces Project 3 agar. Spores were ellipsoidal to cylindrical with wrinkled surfaces. The strain showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces kurssanovii NBRC 13192 T (98.8 %), Streptomyces xantholiticus NBRC 13354 T (98.7 %) and Streptomyces peucetius JCM 9920 T (98.6 %). The phylogenetic result based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences clearly demonstrated that strain CWNU-1 T formed an independent phylogenetic lineage. On the basis of orthologous average nucleotide identity, CWNU-1 T was most closely related to Streptomyces inusitatus NBRC 13601 T with 79.3 % identity. The results of the digital DNA-DNA hybridization analysis also indicated low levels of relatedness with other species, as the highest value was observed with S. inusitatus NBRC 13601 T (25.3 %). With reference to phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data, orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization results, strain CWNU-1 T was readily distinguished from its most closely related strains and classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces albipurpureus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CWNU-1 T (=CGMCC 4.7758 T =MCCC 1K07402 T =JCM 35391 T ).

In the present work, the taxonomic relationship between Streptomyces griseomycini and Streptomyces griseostramineus was reevaluated by a comprehensive comparison of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics, as well as phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and whole-genome sequences indicated that Streptomyces griseostramineus JCM 4385 T was clustered together with Streptomyces griseomycini JCM 4382 T , suggesting they were closely related to each other. However, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between their genomes were 99.7 and 97.5 %, respectively, much larger than the recommended threshold values of 96.7 % ANI and 70 % dDDH for Streptomyces species delineation. In addition, the morphological, cultural, physio-biochemical and chemotaxonomic features of these two species further demonstrated that they belonged to the same genome species. Based on the above data and the principle of priority in nomenclature, it is proposed that S. griseostramineus (Preobrazhenskaya et al . 1957) Pridham et al . 1958 (Approved Lists 1980) is a later heterotypic synonym of S. griseomycini (Preobrazhenskaya et al . 1957) Pridham et al . 1958 (Approved Lists 1980).

Streptomyces strain NRRL B-2795 T (DSM 112329 T =NRRL B-2795 T ) is described as the type strain of Streptomyces griseiscabiei sp. nov. using whole-genome average nucleotide identity and multilocus sequence analyses in addition to phenotypic characterization of carbon source utilization, spore chain morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, pH tolerance, plant pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. This strain was previously classified as Streptomyces scabiei but suggested as a potential novel species. A second Streptomyces strain, NRRL B-16521, previously named Streptomyces scabiei , and also previously suggested as a potential novel species, is assigned to Streptomyces acidiscabies based on whole-genome average nucleotide identity. Morphological and biochemical characterizations also support this designation for NRRL B-16521. Both Streptomyces sp. strain NRRL B-2795 T and NRRL B-16521 cause common scab on multiple cultivars of potato.

Although 16S rRNA gene sequences are conventionally analysed in bacterial systematics, their resolution is not sufficient for species identification. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) is a powerful method for species identification as well as the elucidation of phylogenetic relationships in the genus Streptomyces . Gene sequences of atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB are generally used in MLSA for Streptomyces species. This study aims to evaluate the sequence analysis of one gene instead of all five genes to be employed for species identification. The resolution of atpD gene sequences was not necessarily able to distinguish closely related species. In contrast, trpB gene sequence similarities correlated to the MLSA-based evolutionary distances, especially among closely related strains. A pairwise similarity of 97.9 % in trpB gene sequences was proposed as the threshold for species delineation based on the feasibility examined using strain pairs that shared >99.93 % pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Resequencing the five housekeeping genes followed by MLSA suggested that Streptomyces anthocyanicus and Streptomyces tricolor are synonyms of Streptomyces violaceoruber .

A polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-degrading actinomycete, strain SFB5A T , was identified as a species of Streptomyces based on its membrane fatty acid profile and the presence of ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. It formed sporulating mycelia on most agar media, but flat or wrinkled, moist colonies on trypticase soy agar. Spores were smooth, cylindrical, and borne on long, straight to flexuous chains. It produced a light brown diffusible pigment, but not melanin. Comparison of genomic digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values indicated that strain SFB5A T was related to Streptomyces litmocidini JCM 4394 T , Streptomyces vietnamensis GIMV4.0001 T , Streptomyces nashvillensis JCM 4498 T and Streptomyces tanashiensis JCM 4086 T , plus 11 other species. However, the dDDH and ANI values were well below the species differentiation thresholds of <70 and <95 %, respectively; also, multilocus sequence analysis distances exceeded the species threshold of 0.007. Moreover, strain SFB5A T differed from the other species in pigmentation and its ability to catabolize arabinose. Strain SFB5A T and 11 of its 15 closest relatives degraded PHB and have genes for extracellular, short-chain-length denatured polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerases. These enzymes from strain SFB5A T and its closest relatives had a type 1 catalytic domain structure, while those from other relatives had a type 2 structure, which differs from type one in the position of a consensus histidine in the active site. Thus, phenotypic and genotypic differences suggest that strain SFB5A T represents a new species of Streptomyces, for which we propose the name Streptomyces nymphaeiformis sp. nov. The type strain is SFB5A T (=NRRL B-65520 T =DSM 112030 T ).

Endophytic actinobacterial strain 3R004 T was isolated from a root of Justicia subcoriacea collected in Thailand. In this report, the taxonomic position of this strain is described using a polyphasic approach. Based on the morphological characteristics and chemical composition of its cells, strain 3R004 T was identified as a member of the genus Streptomyces . It produced a long chain of cylindrical spores on aerial mycelia. ll-Diaminopimelic acid was detected in the cell wall peptidoglycan. The menaquinones were MK-9(H 4 ), MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 8 ). C 16 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 15 : 0 were detected as the major cellular fatty acids. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and one unidentified lipid. Strain 3R004 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 99.45 % to Streptomyces cyaneochromogenes MK-45 T . The phylogenomic results indicated that strain 3R004 T was close to Streptomyces aquilus GGCR-6 T and Streptomyces antibioticus DSM 40234 T . The DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values among strain 3R004 T and closely related Streptomyces species were 35.5-63.1 % and 82.7-94.3 %, respectively. The type strain produced actinomycin D antibiotic as the major secondary metabolite. The maximum productivity of the actinomycin D (378 mg l -1 ) was observed when the strain was grown in 301 broth at 30 °C, 180 r.p.m. for 12 days. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic evidence, strain 3R004 T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces justiciae is proposed. The type strain is 3R004 T (=LMG 32138 T =TBRC 13128 T =NBRC 115065 T ).

We studied the taxonomic relationship between Streptomyces cinnamonensis and Streptomyces virginiae . These type strains shared the same 16S rRNA gene sequence. Phylogenomic analysis supported them being closely related. Digital DNA-DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity using whole genome sequences indicated that the two species represent the same genomospecies. They shared similar phenotypic characteristics and harboured the same set of secondary metabolite-biosynthetic gene clusters for polyketides and nonribosomal peptides in the genomes. Therefore, according to Rule 24b of the Bacteriological Code , S. cinnamonensis Okami 1952, 572 AL (Approved Lists 1980) should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of S. virginiae Grundy et al . 1952, 399 AL (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Nouioui et al . 2018. Although 16S rRNA gene sequences were identical among type strains of Streptomyces xanthophaeus , Streptomyces spororaveus and Streptomyces nojiriensis and between those of Streptomyces vinaceus and Streptomyces cirratus , respectively, digital DNA-DNA relatedness indicated that these species are not synonymous.

Two marine actinomycete strains, LHW50302 T and LHW51701 T , were isolated from marine sponges collected in Sansha, Hainan Province, China. The morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics were consistent with their classification in the genus Streptomyces. The strains formed hooked and looped chains of arthrospores with smooth surfaces. The cell-wall hydrolysates of the strains contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. MK-9(H8) was the predominant menaquinone. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Major fatty acids of the strains were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strains clustered together with Streptomyces albus CGMCC 4.1640 T and Streptomyces qinglanensis CGMCC 4.6825 T . Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) confirmed their relationship. Genome relatedness in forms of average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization value and MLSA evolutionary distance between each of the strains and its closest relatives showed that they belonged to distinct species. On the basis of these results, strains LHW50302 T and LHW51701 T belong to two novel species in the genus Streptomyces, for which the names Streptomyces reniochalinae sp. nov. (type strain LHW50302 T =CCTCC AA 2018013 T =DSM 106194 T ) and Streptomyces diacarni sp. nov. (type strain LHW51701 T =CCTCC AA 2018017 T =DSM 106126 T ) are proposed, respectively.

A new actinobacterial strain, LCR6-01 T , was isolated from a lichen sample collected from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. The strain had morphological characteristics and chemotaxonomic properties identical to those of members of the genus Streptomyces. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 74.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that the strain belonged to the genus Streptomyces. The strain showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces palmae TBRC 1999 T (98.6 %), Streptomyces misionensis JCM 4497 T (98.6 %), Streptomyces matensis JCM 4268 T (98.5 %), Streptomyces althioticus KCTC 9752 T (98.5 %) and Streptomyces wuyuanensis KCTC 29112 T (98.4 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values among the strain and closely related Streptomyces species were below 70 %. On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics and genotypic distinctiveness, strain LCR6-01 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces lichenis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCR6-01 T (=KCTC 39908 T =TISTR 2500 T ).

A novel strain of actinobacteria, designated NEAU-S1GS20 T , was isolated from a saline-alkali soil collected from Heilongjiang Province, north-east China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Strain NEAU-S1GS20 T exhibited morphological, cultural and chemotaxonomic features consistent with its classification as representing a member of the genus Streptomyces. Growth occurred at 18‒45 °C, at pH 6.0‒10.0 and in the presence of 10 % (w/v) NaCl. Whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and two unidentified phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the DNA was 72.8 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NEAU-S1GS20 T formed a distinct clade within the genus Streptomyces and was closely related to Streptomyces xinghaiensis CCTCC AA 208049 T (98.4 % similarity), Streptomyces chumphonensis JCM 18522 T (98.1 %) and Streptomyces palmae JCM 31289 T (98.1 %). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using five housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB) showed that the MLSA distance of strain NEAU-S1GS20 T to the most closely related species was greater than the 0.007 threshold. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and differences in certain phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-S1GS20 T could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, strain NEAU-S1GS20 T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces durbertensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-S1GS20 T (=CCTCC AA 2017006 T =DSM 104538 T ).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-DSCPA1-4-4 T , was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Streptomyces. The strain formed a monophyletic clade with its closest relatives, Streptomyces ghanaensis DSM 40746 T (97.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Streptomyces viridosporus DSM 40243 T (97.6 %). Similarly, chemotaxonomic data, including major menaquinones, fatty acid compositions and polar lipid profile, also supported the placement of strain NEAU-DSCPA1-4-4 T in the genus Streptomyces. However, DNA-DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical data showed that strain NEAU-DSCPA1-4-4 T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, we propose that strain NEAU-DSCPA1-4-4 T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomycestriticisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with NEAU-DSCPA1-4-4 T (=CCTCC AA 2017025 T =DSM 105118 T ) as the type strain.

A novel aerobic actinomycete, designated as HA15955 T , was isolated from a mangrove mud sample collected in Sanya, China. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that HA15955 T produced straight to spiral spore chains with smooth cylindrical spores. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that strain HA15955 T belonged to the genus Streptomyces, was most closely related to Streptomyces speibonae NRRL B-24240 T (98.7 % similarity) and formed a distinct subclade. The low relatedness value of DNA-DNA hybridization showed that it formed a distinct genomic species. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain HA15955 T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomycescaeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HA15955 T (=CGMCC 4.7426 T =DSM 105693 T ).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain XZHG99 T , was isolated from soil taken from colour desert, Dengpa District, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Its taxonomic position was determined by a polyphasic approach. The strain showed morphological and chemotaxonomic features typical of the genus Streptomyces: branched substrate and aerial mycelia, straight spore chains and smooth spores; ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan; MK-9(H8), MK-9(H2), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H10) as menaquinones; diphosphatidylglycerol, phospatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphotidylinositol mannoside and phosphatidylglycerol as prominent phospholipids; iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids; and DNA G+C content of 69.9 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain XZHG99 T showed high similarity to Streptomyces albiflavescensm20 T (98.42 %) and Streptomyces krungchingensis KC-035 T (98.14 %) as well as formed a monophyletic clade with them in the phylogenetic tree. Based on comparison of phenotypic properties and the low level of DNA-DNA relatedness, strain XZHG99 T can be distinguished from phylogenetically related Streptomyces species and is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces dengpaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XZHG99 T (=CGMCC 4.7472 T =KCTC 49090 T ).

A Gram-positive bacterium, designated CMU-AB225 T , was isolated from rhizosphere soil of an oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). The strain exhibited a blue aerial spore mass and a light cream to moderate yellow substrate mycelium and formed chains of spiny spores. Whole-cell hydrolysates consisted of ll-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, ribose, mannose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The polar lipids profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol-mannoside, four unidentified lipids, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified glycolipid. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 69.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CMU-AB225 T was a member of the genus Streptomyces and formed a distinct phyletic line which was most closely related to Streptomyces koyangensis JCM 14915 T , Streptomyces misionensis JCM 4497 T and Streptomyces aurantiogriseus JCM 4346 T . Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using five housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB) showed that the MLSA distances of strain CMU-AB225 T to phylogenetically related species were greater than the 0.007 threshold. Moreover, the low values of DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic differences, especially a blue aerial mycelium, enabled strain CMU-AB225 T to be distinguished from its closely related species. It is thus proposed that strain CMU-AB225 T represents a novel species, namely Streptomyces venetus sp. nov. The type strain is CMU-AB225 T (=JCM 31290 T =TBRC 2001 T ).

A novel endophytic actinomycete, designated A301 T , was isolated from the root of Geranium carolinianum Linn collected from Mount Emei in China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C, pH 6-11 and in the presence of 0-5 % NaCl (w/v). Strain A301 T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The whole-cell hydrolysates included galactose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major cellular fatty acids were C15 : 0, C16 :  0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified lipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids. Strain A301 T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces cinereorubersubsp. fructofermentans NBRC 15396 T (98.1 %) and Streptomyces turgidiscabies ATCC 700248 T (98.1 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain A301 T and the two above-mentioned members of the genus Streptomyces were 42.6 % and 47.2 %, respectively. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.5 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic approach and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain A301 T represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces geranii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A301 T (=CGMCC 4.7422 T =JCM 32177 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated TRM46399 T , was isolated from ditch sediment in Xinjiang Province, Northwest China. Phylogenetic, physiological, chemotaxonomic and morphological analyses demonstrated that strain TRM46399 T belonged to the genus Streptomyces. The strain was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, had aerial mycelia that branched monopodially and formed chains of arthrospores. The spores were oval to cylindrical with smooth surfaces. The strain had an optimum NaCl concentration for growth of 5 % (w/v). The whole-cell sugar pattern of TRM46399 T consisted of ribose, xylose, mannose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H10). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 (47.8 %), iso-C14 : 0 (13.5 %), C16 : 0 (8.9 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (8.4 %), anteiso-C17 : 0 (4.2 %) and C17 : 0cyclo (2.7 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.7 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain TRM46399 T (KY688182) was phylogenetically most closely related to Streptomyces xinghaiensis S187 T (99.13 % sequence similarity); however, DNA-DNA hybridization studies between stain TRM46399 T and S. xinhaiensis S187 T showed only 65.32 % relatedness. Based on the evidence from this polyphasic study, strain TRM46399 T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces aqsuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM46399 T (=KCTC 39610 T =CCTCC AA 2015009 T ).

A novel actinomycete isolate, designated strain MK44 T , was isolated from a Manganese-polluted soil sample collected near Xiangtan Manganese Mine, South Central China and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MK44 T was a member of the genus Streptomyces and most closely related to Streptomyces specialis JCM 16611 T (97.9 %) and Streptomyces mayteni JCM 16957 T (97.4 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain MK44 T and the above two related type species were 30.9±0.3 and 29.9±3.5 %, respectively, values which are far lower than the 70 % threshold for the delineation of a novel prokaryotic species. Furthermore, the results of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic tests allowed further phenotypic differentiation. Therefore, it is concluded that strain MK44 T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces manganisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MK44 T (=GDMCC 4.137 T =KCTC 39920 T ).

Actinomycete strain K11-0400 T was isolated from a soil sample collected in the Ogasawara Islands (also known as the Bonin Islands), Tokyo, Japan. Mature spore chains of strain K11-0400 T had more than 20 spores per chain. The strain contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid in whole-cell hydrolysates, and MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4) were the predominant menaquinones. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, and no diagnostic whole-cell sugar was detected. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72 mol%. These morphological and chemical features of strain K11-0400 T indicated that it belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Strain K11-0400 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces naganishii NBRC 12892 T (97.58 %). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain K11-0400 T and the related strain was below 70 %. Based on morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, and DNA-DNA relatedness data, strain K11-0400 T should be classified as a new species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces boninensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. boninensis is K11-0400 T (=NBRC 113073 T , TBRC 7755 T ).

Three actinomycetes strains, designated JBL-5, JBL-14 and JBL-20 T , were isolated from bamboo (Sasa borealis) litter in Damyang, Republic of Korea. Morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the three strains belong to the genus Streptomyces. Microscopic observation revealed that the three strains produced Spirales spore chains with smooth surfaces. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that these strains showed the highest sequence similarity to Streptomyces gelaticus NRRL B-2928 T (97.8 %), Streptomyces pulveraceus LMG 20322 T (97.7 %), Streptomyces intermedius NBRC 13049 T (97.7 %), Streptomyces althioticus NRRL B-3981 T (97.7 %) and Streptomyces matensis NBRC 12889 T (97.7 %). The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strains JBL-5, JBL-14 and JBL-20 T were 91.2-92.4 %, and the values between the three strains and their close phylogenetic relatives were also below 70 %. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9 (H4) and MK-9 (H6). The cell wall contained ll-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars were arabinose and xylose. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositolmannoside, two unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified lipid. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and iso-C16 : 0. The DNA G+C contents were 71.8-72.4 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and physiological and biochemical characterization, strains JBL-5, JBL-14 and JBL-20 T are considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces fuscigenes sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JBL-20 T (=KACC 18269 T =NBRC 110629 T ).

The taxonomic position of a novel actinomycete, strain TRM 41337 T , isolated from sediment of a salt lake, Xiaoerkule Lake, Xinjiang, China, was determined by a polyphasic approach. Strain TRM 41337 T grew optimally at 28 °C and in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl. It grew at up to pH 12. The whole-cell sugars of strain TRM 41337 T were ribose and xylose. The diagnostic diamino acid contained ll-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside and two other unidentified phospholipids. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H8), MK-9, MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 1 H. Based on morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the isolate was determined to belong to the genus Streptomyces. The phylogenetic tree based on its nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence (1498 nt) with representative strains showed that the strain consistently falls into a distinct phyletic lineage together with Streptomyces barkulensis DSM 42082 T (97.48 % similarity) and a subclade consisting of Streptomyces fenghuangensis GIMN 4.003 T (97.20 %), Streptomyces macrosporus NBRC 14748 T (97.14 %) and Streptomyces radiopugnans R97 T (97.01 %). On the basis of these data, strain TRM 41337 T should be designated as a representative of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces salilacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 41337 T (=CCTCC AA 2015030 T =KCTC 39726 T ).

Two novel actinomycete isolates, designated strains NEAU-A4 T and NEAU-A3, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the two strains coincided with those of the genus Streptomyces. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the two isolates exhibited 99.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other and that they were most closely related to Streptomyces violaceorectus DSM 40279 T (98.8, 99.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains clustered together and formed a separate subclade. Furthermore, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some physiological and biochemical properties demonstrated that the two strains could be distinguished from its closest relative. Therefore, it is proposed that strains NEAU-A4 T and NEAU-A3 should be classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomycestritici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-A4 T (=CGMCC 4.7393 T =DSM 104540 T ).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain 1H-SSA4 T , was isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr) and was found to produce angucyclinone antibiotics. A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomic status of strain 1H-SSA4 T . The DNA G+C content of the draft genome sequence, consisting of 11.4 Mbp, was 70.0 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain 1H-SSA4 T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with the highest sequence similarity to Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. ossamyceticus NBRC 13983 T (98.9 %), and phylogenetically clustered with this species, Streptomyces torulosus LMG 20305 T (98.8 %), Streptomyces ipomoeae NBRC 13050 T (98.5 %) and Streptomyces decoyicus NRRL 2666 T (98.4 %). The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain were also consistent with those members of the genus Streptomyces. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 1H-SSA4 T and the above-mentioned strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that strain 1H-SSA4 T could be distinguished from these strains. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces capitiformicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1H-SSA4 T (=CGMCC 4.7403 T =DSM 104537 T ).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain 1H-SSA8 T , was isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr) and was found to produce amphotericin. A polyphasic approach was employed to determine the status of strain 1H-SSA8 T . Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics were consistent with those of members of the genus Streptomyces. The menaquinones detected were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain 1H-SSA8 T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with high sequence similarity to Streptomyces ramulosus NRRL B-2714 T (99.2 %). Two tree-making algorithms based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate formed a phyletic line with Streptomyces himastatinicus ATCC 53653 T (98.7 %). The MLSA utilizing partial sequences of the housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB) also supported the position. However, evolutionary distances were higher than the 0.007 MLSA evolutionary distance threshold proposed for species-level relatedness. Moreover, the low level of DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic differences allowed the novel isolate to be differentiated from its most closely related strain S. ramulosus NRRL B-2714 T and strain S. himastatinicus ATCC 53653 T . It is concluded that the organism can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces amphotericinicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1H-SSA8 T (=CGMCC 4.7350 T =DSM 103128 T ).

A novel streptomycete, strain 594 T , isolated from Brazilian soil collected under cerrado (savanna) vegetation cover is described. Strain 594 T produced thermophilic chitinolytic proteases in assays containing feather meal and corn steep liquor as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. The strain produced white to grey aerial mycelium and spiral chains of spiny-surfaced spores on the aerial mycelium and did not produce diffusible pigments. The ll-isomer of diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell wall and menaquinones were predominantly MK-9(H6) (52 %) and MK-9(H8) (30 %) with 6 % MK-9(H4) and slightly less than 1 % MK-9(H2). Polar lipids present were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unknown phospholipid. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C14 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it differed from described Streptomyces species. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using five housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, rpoB, recA and trpB) comparing Streptomyces type strains showed that the MLSA distance of strain 594 T to the most closely related species was greater than the 0.007 threshold. The in silico DNA-DNA relatedness between the genome sequence of strain 594 T and that of the phylogenetically nearest species was well below the species level recommendation. There was thus multiple evidence justifying the description of this strain as representing a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces odonnellii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 594 T (=IMPPG 594 T =DSM 41949 T =NRRL B-24891 T ).

A novel actinobacterium designated TRM 46509 T was isolated from a salt water beach at Kalpin, Xinjiang, north-west China. The strain was aerobic and Gram-stain-positive, with an optimum NaCl concentration for growth of 1 % (w/v). The isolate formed sparse aerial mycelium and produced spiral spores at the end of the aerial mycelium on Gauze's No. 1 medium. The isolate contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and ribose as the major whole-cell sugar. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H2), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major fatty acids were C16:0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The G+C content of the DNA was 69.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain TRM 46509 T shared 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.6 % with the closest described species Streptomyces tacrolimicus ATCC 55098 T . On the basis of evidence from this polyphasic study, strain TRM 46509 T should be designated as representing a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces kalpinensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 46509 T (=CCTCC AA 2015028 T =KCTC 39667 T ).

An endophytic actinobacterium, strain WES2 T , was isolated from the stem of a jasmine rice plant collected from a paddy field in Thung Gura Rong Hai, Roi Et province, Thailand. As a result of a polyphasic study, this strain was identified as representing a novel member of the genus Streptomyces. This strain was a Gram-stain-positive, aerobic actinobacterium with well-developed substrate mycelia and forming chains of looped spores. The closest phylogenetic relations, which shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, were Streptomyces nogalater JCM 4799 T and Streptomyces lavenduligriseus NRRL-ISP 5487 T at 99.1 and 99.0 %, respectively. Chemotaxonomic data, including major fatty acids, cell wall components and major menaquinones, confirmed the affiliation of WES2 T to the genus Streptomyces. The data from the phylogenetic analysis, including physiological and biochemical studies and DNA-DNA hybridization, revealed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of WES2 T from the most closely related species with validly published names. The name proposed for the novel species is Streptomycesroietensis sp. nov. The type strain is WES2 T (=DSM 101729=NRRL B-65344).

A novel actinomycete, strain SR3-134 T , belonging to the genus Streptomyces, was isolated from soil collected from the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of the strain was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose, mannose and ribose were detected in its whole-cell hydrolysates. The N-acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. The menaquinones were MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. blast analysis of the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene showed 98.7 % sequence similarities to Streptomyces lanatus JCM 4588 T and Streptomyces psammoticus JCM 4434 T . The DNA G+C content was 71.4 mol%. Strain SR3-134 T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness (12.9±4.0-44.1±1.0 %) to S. lanatus JCM 4588 T and S. psammoticus JCM 4434 T . The new strain could also be distinguished from its closely related strains by differences in their phenotypic characteristics. The results of taxonomic analysis suggested that strain SR3-134 T represented a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces cerasinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SR3-134 T (=TISTR 2494 T =KCTC 39910 T ).

A novel actinomycete, strain SR2-123 T , belonging to the genus Streptomyces, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of the strain was characterized using a polyphasic study. Strain SR2-123 T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, mannose and ribose in whole-cell hydrolysates. The N-acyl type of muramic acid was acetyl. Menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unknown phospholipid, unknown glycolipids, an unknown aminophospholipid, unknown lipids and an unknown aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 74.8 mol%. The strain was closely related to Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JCM 4359 T (98.5 %), Streptomyces flavofungini JCM 4753 T (98.5 %), Streptomyces coerulescens NBRC 12758 T (98. 5 %) and Streptomyces alboflavus JCM 4615 T (98.4 %), based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The novel strain exhibited low DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains (11.4-25.0 %) of closely related species. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain SR2-123 T could be distinguished from closely related species of the genus Streptomyces and represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces xylanilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SR2-123 T (=TISTR 2493 T =KCTC 39909 T ).

A novel streptomycete (strain HNM0141T) was isolated from tropical forest soil collected from Bawangling mountain of Hainan island, PR China and its taxonomic position was established in a polyphasic study. The organism had chemical and morphological properties consistent with its classification as a member of the Streptomyces violaceusnigerclade. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, HNM0141T showed highest similarity to Streptomyces malaysiensisCGMCC4.1900T (99.4 %), Streptomyces samsunensis DSM 42010T (98.9 %), Streptomyces yatensis NBRC 101000T (98.3 %), Streptomyces rhizosphaericus NBRC 100778T (98.0 %) and Streptomyces sporoclivatus NBRC 100767T (97.9 %). The strain formed a well-delineated subclade with S. malaysiensis CGMCC4.1900T and S. samsunensis DSM 42010T. The levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between HNM0141T and S. malaysiensis CGMCC4.1900T and S. samsunensis DSM 42010T were 62 and 44 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, HNM0141T represents a novel species in the S. violaceusnigerclade for which the name Streptomyces solisilvae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HNM0141 T (=CCTCC AA 2016045T=KCTC 39905T).

A novel strain, G25T, was isolated from desert soil collected near Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. The strain could accumulate nearly 65 % of its cell dry weight as fatty acids, grow on a broad range of carbon sources and tolerate temperatures of up to 50 °C. With respect to to its 16S rRNA gene sequence, G25T is most closely related to Streptomyces massasporeus DSM 40035T, Streptomyces hawaiiensis DSM 40042T, Streptomyces indiaensis DSM 43803T, Streptomyces luteogriseus DSM 40483T and Streptomyces purpurascens DSM 40310T. Conventional DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values ranged from 18.7 to 46.9 % when G25T was compared with these reference strains. Furthermore, digital DDH values between the draft genome sequence of G25T and the genome sequences of other species of the genus Streptomyces were also significantly below the threshold of 70 %. The DNA G+C content of the draft genome sequence, consisting of 8.46 Mbp, was 70.3 %. The prevalent cellular fatty acids of G25T comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The polar lipids profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides as well as unidentified phospholipids and phosphoaminolipids. The cell wall contained ll-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-cell sugars were predominantly glucose with small traces of ribose and mannose. The results of the polyphasic approach confirmed that this isolate represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces jeddahensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is G25T (=DSM 101878T =LMG 29545T =NCCB 100603T).

During a screening for novel and biotechnologically useful actinobacteria in insects, a kanchanamycin-producing actinomycete with antifungal activity, designated strain 3H-HV17(2)T, was isolated from the head of an ant (Lasius fuliginosus L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain 3H-HV17(2)T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with the highest sequence similarities to Streptomyces spectabilis NBRC 13424T (98.90 %, with which it phylogenetically clustered, Streptomyces alboflavus NRRL B-2373T (98.65 %) and Streptomyces flavofungini NBRC 13371T (98.36 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the gyrB gene also supported the close relationship of these strains. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain are also consistent with those members of the genus Streptomyces. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 3H-HV17(2)T and its phylogenetically closely related strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that strain 3H-HV17(2)T could be distinguished from these strains. Therefore, strain 3H-HV17(2)T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces lasiicapitis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3H-HV17(2)T (=CGMCC 4.7349T=DSM 103124T).

A Streptomyces-like strain, designated TRM 45540T, was isolated from soil of the Loulan area (89° 22' 22″ E 40° 29' 55″ N), Xinjiang Province, north-west China, and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic study. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain TRM 45540T shared 99.87 % similarity with Streptomyces mutabilis NBRC 12800T (GenBank accession number AB184156). The strain was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, with an optimum NaCl concentration for growth of 5 % (w/v). The isolate formed white aerial mycelium that was long filamentous with few branches; the substrate mycelium possessed long, smooth-surfaced spore chains bearing smooth spores and produced a yellow diffusible pigment. The strain contained iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and C16 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids. The predominant menaquinones of the strain were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H10). The whole-cell sugar pattern contained glucose and ribose. The polar lipid pattern of the strain consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphotidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositolmannosides. Genotypic and phenotypic data confirmed that strain TRM 45540T represents a novel species, clearly different from related species of the genus Streptomyces, and for which the name Streptomyces luteus (type strain TRM 45540T=CCTCC AA 2014003T=NRRL B-59117T) is proposed.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KC-035T, was isolated from soil collected from Krung Ching Waterfall National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. The strain had morphological and chemotaxonomic properties typical of members of the genus Streptomyces: flexuous spore chain; ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan; MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4) as menaquinones; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside as phospholipids; anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids; and DNA G+C content of 72 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain KC-035T showed high similarity to Streptomyces albiflavescens n20T (99.16 %) and Streptomyces siamensis KC-038T (98.43 %) as well as formed a monophyletic clade with them in the phylogenetic tree. On the basis of comparison of phenotypic properties and the low level of DNA-DNA relatedness, strain KC-035T could be distinguished from its closely related Streptomyces species and is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces krungchingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KC-035T (=NBRC 110087T=KCTC 29503T=TISTR 2402T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain m16T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna, a prefecture in Yunnan Province, south-west China, and characterized by using polyphasic taxomomy. Cells were aerobic and Gram-reaction-positive, and spore chains were observed to be of the helical type, with elliptical spores and smooth spore surfaces. The novel strain grew over a temperature range of 15-35 °C, at pH 5.0-11.0 and in the presence of 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of strain m16T was 70.0 mol%. The main fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 (29.3 %), iso-C15: 0 (15.4 %) and anteiso-C15:0 (14.6 %), and the predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain m16T was most closely related to Streptomyces jiujiangensis KCTC 29262T (98.7 %), Streptomyces panaciradicis KACC 17632T (98.7 %), Streptomyces rhizophilus NBRC 108885T (98.5 %), Streptomyces shenzhenensis DSM 42034T (98.4 %), Streptomyces graminisoli JR-19T (98.4 %) and Streptomyces gramineus JR-43T (98.3 %). Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses indicated that strain m16T represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces fuscichromogenes is proposed. The type strain is m16T (=CGMCC 4.7110T=KCTC 29195T).

A novel endophytic actinobacterial strain, designated EGI 6500195T, was isolated from fruits of Capparis spinosa. Growth occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain EGI 6500195T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.74 %) with Streptomyces vitaminophilus DSM 41686T and less than 97 % sequence similarity with other members of the genus Streptomyces. The diagnostic amino acid in the peptidoglycan was ll-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained glucose, ribose, fructose and mannose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The polar lipid profile of strain EGI 6500195T included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, three unknown phospholipids, an unknown aminophospholipid and an unknown aminolipid. The cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 1ω9c, summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B) and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The DNA G+C content of strain EGI 6500195T was 74.1 mol%. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain EGI 6500195T and Streptomyces. vitaminophilus DSM 41686T was 14.1±3.5 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain EGI 6500195T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces capparidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EGI 6500195T (=DSM 42145T=JCM 30089T).

A phoslactomycin-producing actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-ML8T, was isolated from a millipede (Kronopolites svenhedind Verhoeff) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NEAU-ML8T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with the highest sequence similarities to Streptomyces lydicus NBRC 13058T (99.39 %) and Streptomyces chattanoogensis DSM 40002T (99.25 %). The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate formed a distinct phyletic line with NBRC 13058T and S. chattanoogensis DSM 40002T. This branching pattern was also supported by the tree rconstructed with the neighbour-joining method. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain NEAU-ML8T and its phylogenetically closely related strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that NEAU-ML8T could be distinguished from NBRC 13058T and S. chattanoogensis DSM 40002T. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-ML8T can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces kronopolitis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-ML8T (=DSM 101986T=CGMCC 4.7323T).

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated Z1027T, was isolated from a soil sample collected near the Tuotuo River, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (China). The strain exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The taxonomic position of strain Z1027T was determined using a polyphasic approach. The organism had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces and formed a distinct phyletic line in the 16S rRNA gene tree, together with Streptomyces turgidiscabies ATCC 700248T (99.19 % similarity), Streptomyces graminilatus JL-6T (98.84 %) and Streptomyces reticuliscabiei CFBP 4531T (98.36 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Z1027T was 74±1 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain Z1027T and Streptomyces turgidiscabies ATCC 700248T and Streptomyces reticuliscabiei CFBP 4531T were 38.5±0.4 and 26.2±1.2 %, respectively, both of them significantly lower than 70 %. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain Z1027T possessed MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8) as the major menaquinones, ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and galactose as a whole-cell sugar. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatydilinositol and seven other unknown polar lipids were detected; iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids. On the basis of these genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that isolate Z1027T (=CGMCC 4.7272T=JCM 31054T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces,Streptomyces lacrimifluminis sp. nov.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated TRM 46515T, was isolated from a salt water beach at Awat, Xinjiang, Northwest China, and characterized using polyphasic taxonomy. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TRM 46515T is a member of the genus Streptomyces, exhibiting highest similarity with Streptomyces qinglanensis 172205T (98.32 %). However, DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic data readily distinguished strain TRM 46515T from phylogenetically related type strains. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.40 mol%. Whole-cell hydrolysates of strain TRM 46515T were found to contain ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and ribose was the major whole-cell sugar. The major fatty acids identified were anteiso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The main menaquinone was MK-9(H8) and the polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and one unknown glycolipid. On the basis of these phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain TRM 46515T should be designated as a representative of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces litoralis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 46515T (=CCTCC AA 2015040T=KCTC 39729T).

A novel actinomycete strain, designated Js-1T, was isolated from Tremella fuciformis collected from Gutian, Fujian Province, in southeastern China. The taxonomic status of this strain was determined by a polyphasic approach, which demonstrated that the novel strain was a member of the genus Streptomyces. The cell walls of this strain were found to contain ll-diaminopimelic acid, muramic acid and glycine. An analysis of whole-cell hydrolysates revealed that no characteristic sugar was present. The key identified menaquinones were MK-9 (H6) and MK-9 (H8), while the diagnostic polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The main cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. An analysis of an almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain shared the highest levels of sequence similarity with Streptomyces sannanensisKC-7038T (97.87 %), Streptomyces hebeiensis YIM 001T (97.84 %), Streptomyces pathocidini NBRC 13812T (97.80 %), Streptomyces cocklensis BK168T (97.25 %), Streptomyces coerulescens NBRC 12758T (97.12 %), Streptomyces aurantiogriseus NBRC 12842T (97.06 %) and Streptomyces rimosussubsp. rimosus ATCC 10970T (97.04 %). The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain Js-1T was 70.1 mol%. Furthermore, DNA-DNA hybridization tests revealed that the relatedness values between strain Js-1T and the most closely related species ranged from 15.10 to 47.20 %. Based on its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain Js-1T (=CCTCC M 2011365T=JCM 30846T) is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Streptomyces, which we classified as Streptomycestremellae sp. nov.

The taxonomic position of a Gram-staining-positive strain, designated strain S4702T was isolated from a marine sediment collected from the southern Black Sea coast, Turkey, determined using a polyphasic approach. The isolate was found to have chemotaxonomic, morphological and phylogenetic properties consistent with its classification as representing a member of the genus Streptomyces and formed a distinct phyletic line in the 16S rRNA gene tree. S4702T was found to be most closely related to the type strains of Streptomyces marinus(DSM 41968T; 97.8 % sequence similarity) and Streptomyces abyssalis (YIM M 10400T; 97.6 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with other members of the genus Streptomyces were lower than 97.5 %. DNA-DNA relatedness of S4702T and the most closely related strain S. marinus DSM 41968T was 21.0 %. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.5 mol%. The cell wall of the strain contained l,l-diaminopimelic acid and the cell-wall sugars were glucose and ribose. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H8). The polar lipid profile of S4702T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. S4702T could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic neighbours using a combination of chemotaxonomic, morphological and physiological properties. Consequently, it is proposed that S4702T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces ovatisporus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S4702T (DSM 42103T=KCTC 29206T=CGMCC 4.7357T).

The novel endophytic actinomycete strain PA1-07T was isolated from the stem of Phyllanthus amarus. The strain displayed the consistent characteristics of members of the genus Streptomyces. The strain produced short spiral spore chains on aerial mycelia. It grew at pH 5-9, at 40 °C and with a maximum of 5 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, glucose and ribose in the whole-cell hydrolysate. The major cellular menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8), while the major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and four unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 71 mol%. The strain showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Streptomyces curacoi JCM 4219T (98.77 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain PA1-07T and S. curacoi JCM 4219T were lower than 70 %, the cut-off level for assigning strains to the same species. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the strain could be distinguished from closely related species of the genus Streptomyces and thus represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces phyllanthi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PA1-07T (=JCM 30865T=KCTC 39785T=TISTR 2346T).

Actinomycete strain CMU-AB204T was isolated from oil palm rhizosphere soil collected in Chiang Mai University (Chiang Mai, Thailand). Based on morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the organism was considered to belong to the genus Streptomyces. Whole cell-wall hydrolysates consisted of ll-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, ribose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6), MK-9(H2) and MK-8(H4). The fatty acid profile contained iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 as major components. The principal phospholipids detected were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain CMU-AB204T was 70.9 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain CMU-AB204T was closely related to Streptomyces orinoci JCM 4546T (98.7 %), Streptomyces lilacinus NBRC 12884T (98.5 %), Streptomyces abikoensis CGMCC 4.1662T (98.5 %), Streptomyces griseocarneus JCM 4905T (98.4 %) and Streptomyces xinghaiensis JCM 16958T (98.3 %). Phylogenetic trees revealed that the new strain had a distinct taxonomic position from closely related type strains of the genus Streptomyces. Spiny to hairy spores clearly differentiated strain CMU-AB204T from the five most closely related Streptomyces species, which produced smooth spores. On the basis of evidence from this polyphasic study, it is proposed that strain CMU-AB204T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, namely Streptomyces palmae sp. nov. The type strain is CMU-AB204T (=JCM 31289T=TBRC 1999T).

A novel single-spore-producing actinomycete, designated strain 2H-TWYE14T, was isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 2H-TWYE14T belongs to the genus Streptomyces, with highest sequence similarity to Streptomyces niveus NRRL 2466T (98.84 %). Analysis based on the gyrB gene also indicated that strain 2H-TWYE14T should be assigned to the genus Streptomyces. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain 2H-TWYE14T were consistent with those of members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall contained ll-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 2H-TWYE14T and its phylogenetically closely related strain S. niveus JCM 4251T, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that 2H-TWYE14T could be distinguished from S. niveus. Therefore, it is concluded that strain 2H-TWYE14T can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces camponoticapitis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2H-TWYE14T (=DSM 100523T=CGMCC 4.7275T).

A novel siderophore-producing actinomycete, designated PL19T, was isolated from the Scots-pine needle-like leaves collected from TNAU campus, Coimbatore, India. The isolate was chemoorganotrophic in nutrition and able to grow at 30 °C, and the optimum pH and NaCl facilitated the growth pH 6-11 and 0-8 % (w/v), respectively. The cells are filamentous and the mycelia formed are basically of wide and intricately branched substrate mycelium from which aerial mycelia arises, later gets differentiated into spores that are warty and arranged spirally. The 16S rRNA gene of strain PL19T was sequenced and was highly similar to the type strains of species of the genus Streptomyces, including Streptomyces barkulensis RC1831T (98.8 % pairwise similarity), Streptomyces fenghuangensis GIMN4.003T (98.2 %), Streptomyces nanhaiensis SCSIO 01248T (98.0 %), Streptomyces radiopugnans R97T (97.9 %), Streptomyces atacamensis C60T (97.8 %) and Streptomyces macrosporus NBRC 14749T (97.2 %), all of which were subjected to taxonomical characterization using a polyphasic approach. The strains showed unique carbon utilization patterns, and it possesses iso-C16 : 0 anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 as a major cellular fatty acids. The cell-wall was dominated with ll-type diaminopimelic acid, and the menaquinone type was MK-9(H6, H8). These chemotaxonomic evidences placed strain PL19T within the genus Streptomyces. The determination of G+C ratio (69.5 mol%) and DNA-DNA hybridization values (13.4-31.8 % with the phylogenetically related species) helped in further hierarchical classification of strain PL19T. Based on morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic data as well as DNA-DNA hybridization values, strain PL19T could be distinguished from the evolutionarily closest species currently available. All these collective data show that strain PL19T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces pini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PL19T (=NRRL B-24728T=ICMP 17783T).

Three novel isolates belonging to the genus Streptomyces, designated JR-35T, JR-46 and WH-9T, were isolated from bamboo forest soil in Damyang, Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains JR-35T and JR-46 showed highest similarities with Streptomyces olivochromogenes NBRC 3178T (99.1 %), Streptomyces siamensis KC-038T (98.9 %), Streptomyces chartreusis NBRC 12753T (98.9 %), Streptomyces resistomycificus NRRL ISP-5133T (98.9 %) and Streptomyces bobili JCM 4627T (98.8 %), and strain WH-9Tshowed highest sequence similarities with Streptomyces. bobili JCM 4627T (99.2 %), Streptomyces phaeoluteigriseus NRRL ISP-5182T (99.2 %), Streptomyces alboniger NBRC 12738T (99.2 %), Streptomyces galilaeus JCM 4757T (99.1 %) and Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae NBRC 12904T (99.1 %). The predominant menaquinones were MK-9 (H6) and MK-9 (H8). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 for strains JR-35T and JR-46 and anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 for strain WH-9T. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strains JR-35T, JR-46 and WH-9T were 69.4, 74.4 and 74.1 mol%, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic data, the three strains are assigned to two novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the names Streptomyces rhizosphaerihabitans sp. nov. (type stain JR-35T=KACC 17181T=NBRC 109807T) and Streptomyces adustus sp. nov. (type strain WH-9T=KACC 17197T=NBRC 109810T) are proposed.

A novel actinobacterial strain RC1832T was isolated from the sediment of a fish dumping yard at Balugaon near Chilika Lake. The strain is halotolerant (15 % NaCl, w/v), alkali-tolerant (pH 7-10) and hydrolyzes chitin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, Tween 80, tributyrin, lecithin and casein. Apart from showing typical genus-specific morphological and chemotaxonomic features, the comparision and analysis of the near complete 16S rRNA gene sequence clearly revealed that the strain RC1832T represented a member of the genus Streptomyces. It exhibited the highest sequence similarities with the strains Streptomyces fenghuangensis GIMN4.003T (99.78 %), Streptomyces nanhaiensis DSM 41926T (99.07 %), Streptomyces radiopugnans R97T(98.71 %), Streptomyces atacamensis DSM 42065T (98.65 %) and Streptomyces barkulensis DSM 42082T (98.25 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain RC 1832T with the closest phylogenetic neighbours S. fenghuangensis GIMN4.003T and S. nanhaiensis DSM 41926T were 20±2 % and 21±2 %, respectively. Thus, based on a range of phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain RC1832T was suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces chitinivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RC1832T (=JCM 30611=KCTC 29696).

Five actinomycete isolates, CPB1-1T, CPB2-10, BM1-4, CPB3-1 and CPB1-18, belonging to the genus Streptomyces were isolated from marine sediments collected from Chumphon Province, Thailand. They produced open loops of warty spore chains on aerial mycelia. ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose and ribose were found in their whole-cell hydrolysates. Polar lipids found were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8), MK-10(H6) and MK-10(H8). Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The taxonomic position of the strains was described using a polyphasic approach. blastn analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that these five strains exhibited the highest similarities with 'Streptomyces mangrovicola' GY1 (99.0 %), Streptomyces fenghuangensisGIMN4.003T (98.6 %), Streptomyces barkulensisRC 1831T (98.5 %) and Streptomyces radiopugnans R97T (98.3 %). However, their phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences as well as DNA-DNA relatedness differentiated these five strains from the other species of the genus Streptomyces. Here, we propose the novel actinomycetes all being representatives of the same novel species, Streptomyces verrucosisporus, with type strain CPB1-1T (=JCM 18519T=PCU 343T=TISTR 2344T).