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This paper deals with the special role of knowledge examination within a knowledge production value chain. Any generated knowledge has to be examined to achieve diffusion and commercialisation. The methods of examination, however, vary. Within aeronautics, original equipment manufacturers executed for a long time the function as knowledge examiners, while the further diffusion was mainly based on trust and social proximities. With global sourcing and the rising importance of system suppliers as integrators of new knowledge, examination has to be more formalised posing new challenges to incumbent SMEs. The paper investigates these challenges and consequences for the aeronautics value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the influence of the innovation process on organisational learning. To achieve this goal, we decompose innovation into two components, innovativeness and the capacity to innovate. This paper proposes theoretically the concept of Operative Real Options (OROs) and empirically seeks to measure their influence on the relationship between innovation and organisational learning. Using empirical data gathered from 204 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in European firms, the findings support the hypothesis that innovation and its two components improve the learning process in the organisation. However, we do not find support for the hypothesis that OROs moderate the relation between innovation and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]