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We study a thermodynamical description of the interaction between new agegraphic dark energy (NADE) and dark matter (DM) in an anisotropic universe. We find expressions for the entropy changes of these dark energy (DE) candidates. In addition, considering thermal fluctuations, thermodynamics of the DE component interacting with a DM sector is addressed. We also show that if one wants to solve the coincidence problem by using this mutual interaction, then the coupling constants of the interaction will be constrained. Finally, we obtain a physical expression for the interaction which is consistent with phenomenological descriptions and passes reasonably well the observational tests. Our study shows that, with the local equilibrium assumption, the generalized second law of thermodynamics is fulfilled in a region enclosed by the apparent horizon.

In this paper we have studied the anisotropic and homogeneous Bianchi Type-I and V universe filled with Interacting Dark Matter and Holographic Dark Energy. The solutions of field equations are obtained for both models under the assumption of linearly varying deceleration parameter which yields dynamical deceleration parameter. It has been observed that the anisotropy of expansion dies out very quickly (soon after inflation) in both models (B-I, B-V). The physical and geometrical parameters for the both models have been obtained and discussed in details.

A new dark energy model called “ghost dark energy” was recently suggested to explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe. This model originates from the Veneziano ghost of QCD. The dark energy density is proportional to Hubble parameter, ρΛ = αH, where α is a constant of order \({\Lambda }^{3}_{QCD}\) and ΛQCD ∼ 100MeV is QCD mass scale. In this paper, we investigate about the stability of generalized QCD ghost dark energy model against perturbations in the anisotropic background. At first, the ghost dark energy model of the universe with spatial BI model with/without the interaction between dark matter and dark energy is discussed. In particular, the equation of state and the deceleration parameters and a differential equation governing the evolution of this dark energy model are obtained. Then, we use the squared sound speed \({v_{s}^{2}}\) the sign of which determines the stability of the model. We explore the stability of this model in the presence/absence of interaction between dark energy and dark matter in both flat and non-isotropic geometry. In conclusion, we find evidence that the ghost dark energy might can not lead to a stable universe favored by observations at the present time in BI universe.

In this work, we consider a non-flat universe in the framework of fractal cosmology. We have investigated the co-existence of different kinds of dark energy models such as tachyonic field, DBI-essence, hessence, k-essence, dilaton, quintessence with the modified Chaplygin gas (MCG) in fractal universe and obtained the statefinder parameters. The natures of the scalar fields and the concerned potentials have been analyzed by the correspondence scenario in the fractal universe.

The present work deals with the accretion of two interacting fluids: dark matter and a hypothetical fluid as the holographic dark energy components onto wormhole in a non-flat FRW universe. First of all, following Cruz et al. (Phys. Lett. B 669, 271 2008), we obtained an exact solution of the Einstein’s field equations. Solution describes effectively the actual acceleration and indicates a big rip type future singularity of the universe. After that we have studied the evolution of the mass of wormhole embedded in this FRW universe in order to reproduce a stable universe protected against future-time singularity. We found that the accretion of these dark components leads to a gradual increase of wormhole mass. It is also observed that contrary to the case as shown by Cruz et al. (Phys. Lett. B 669, 271 2008), the big rip singularity of the universe with a divergent Hubble parameter of this dark energy model may be avoided by a big trip. We have established a correspondence between the holographic dark energy with the polytropic gas dark energy model and obtained the potential as well as dynamics of the scalar field which describes the polytropic cosmology.

In this work, we consider a non-flat universe filled with Fermionic field. First, we have considered the holographic dark energy and new agegraphic dark energy in the framework of F-essence cosmology and investigated the consequences for their co-existence. The correspondence of F-essence with the above types of dark energy models have been investigated. The natures of K and Y for these correspondence of F-essence with the above dark energies have been analyzed.

Tilted Bianchi-III wet dark fluid cosmological model is investigated in the frame work of Saez and Ballester theory (Phys. Lett. A. 113:467, 1986). Exact solutions to the field equations are derived when the metric potentials are functions of cosmic time only. Some physical and geometrical properties of the solutions are also discussed.

In this work, we have considered non-flat FRW universe filled with dark matter (with non-zero pressure) and generalized dark energy (GDE) as motivated by the work of Sharif et al. (Mod. Phys. Lett. A 28, 1350180, 2013). Also the dark matter and the dark energy are considered to be interacting. The energy density, pressure and the EoS of the GDE have been calculated for the interacting scenario. For stability analysis of this model, we have also analyzed the sign of square speed of sound. Next we investigate the correspondence between GDE and different other candidates of dark energies such as DBI-essence, tachyonic field, hessenc and electromagnetic field. Also we have reconstructed the potential functions and the scalar fields in this scenario.

The present study deals with spatial homogeneous but totally anisotropic locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi-I dark energy model in general relativity. The Einstein’s field equations have been studied under the assumption of a power law time variation of the expansion factor. The Hubble’s parameter (H) and distance modulus (μ) in our descended model are found to be good concordance with recent data of astrophysical observations under appropriate condition. The physical and geometrical behavior of universe have been discussed in detail.

Here we briefly discuss the Einstein-Aether gravity theory by modification of Einstein-Hilbert action. We find the modified Friedmann equations and then we find the effective energy density and pressure for Einstein-Aether gravity sector. These can be treated as dark energy provided some restrictions on the free function F(K), where K is proportional to H 2. Subsequently, we study the correspondence between the effective dark energy coming from Einstein-Aether gravity with other dark energies like k-essence, tachyon, dilaton, hessence and DBI-essence dark energy and construct the scalar field and corresponding scalar potentials which describe the dynamics of the scalar fields graphically. So finally, if the Einstein-Aether gravity behaves like other dark energy models, in this situation, the scalar field increases and potential decreases.

We study a modified interacting dark energy (MIDE) model as a candidate to describe possible interaction between dark energy and dark matter as well as that between dark energy and baryonic matter. More specifically, we introduce a new parameter γ b to quantify the extent of interaction between dark energy and baryons. With three classes of cosmological distance observations including CMB measurements from Planck and WMAP9 results, as well as the recent direct measurements of the Hubble parameter as a function of redshift, we study the allowable values of γ c and γ b and other cosmological parameters. The constraint results obtained by using the MCMC method show: (1) The interaction term γ b quantifying the extent of interaction between baryonic matter and dark energy is nearly equal to 0, which strongly support the whole coupled dark energy scenario based on the assumption that baryons should remain uncoupled in order to allow a non-negligible coupling to dark matter. (2) At the 95.4 % confidence level, we see the energy of dark energy is slightly transferring to that of dark matter; (3) Concerning the typical value of the present energy density ratio between baryonic matter and dark matter in the universe, we obtain a positive coupling between dark energy and matter at 2σ, which indicates that dark energy is leaking energy to matter. Finally, concerning the observational density parameter ratio Ω b /Ω m derived from the gas mass fraction data (f g a s ), within the framework of the phenomenological interaction model, we observe a good compatibility between the observational constraints from f g a s and other combined data.

We study the evolution of the dark energy parameter in a spatially homogeneous and isotropic FRW space-time filled with barotropic fluid and dark energy coupled with zero mass scalar field. The solution of the field equations is obtained using a constant deceleration parameter. Two cases are discussed when the dark energy is minimally coupled to the perfect fluid as well as direct interaction with it. It is concluded that in both non-interacting and interacting cases only closed and flat universes crossed the phantom region. It is found that, during the evolution of the universe, the equation of state (EoS) for dark energy ω D changes from ω D > −1 to ω D < −1, which is consistent with recent observations. The cosmic jerk parameter of the models is also found to be in good agreement with the recent data of astrophysical observations.

We have assumed that the FRW universe filled with baryonic matter, radiation and dark matter along with dark energy in the frame-work of Horava-Lifshitz gravity. Here three parameterizations like Linear, CPL and JBP for the dark energy have been assumed for the variations of EOS parameter w(z). The observational data analysis by χ2 minimum test have been analyzed for our models. From Stern, Stern+BAO and Stern+BAO+CMB joint data analysis, we have obtained the bounds of the arbitrary parameters w0 and w1. The best fit values of the parameters w0 and w1 for these three models and the minimum values of χ2 have been obtained by observational data analysis. Also the bounds of the parameters w0 and w1 are obtained by 66 %, 90 % and 99 % confidence levels for linear, CPL and JBP models. Next red shift-magnitude observational data points from type Ia supernovae have been considered and which contains 557 data points. From this observation, the distance modulus μ(z) against red shift z has been investigated for our predicted theoretical model (three DE models) for the best fit values of the parameters and the observed SNe Ia Union2 data sample. Finally, we have investigated that our predicted theoretical three models permitted the observational data sets.

In this paper, we propose a new unified dark fluid (UDF) model with equation of state (EoS) $w(a)=-\alpha/(\beta a^{-n}+1)$, which includes the generalized Chaplygin gas model (gGg) as its special case, where $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $n$ are three positive numbers. It is clear that this model reduces to the gCg model with EoS $w(a)=-B_s/(B_s+(1-B_s)a^{-3(1+\alpha)})$, when $\alpha=1$, $\beta=(1-B_s)/B_s$ and $n=3(1+\alpha)$. By combination the cold dark matter and the cosmological constant, one can coin a EoS of unified dark fluid in the form of $w(a)=-1/(1+(1-\Omega_{\Lambda})a^{-3}/\Omega_{\Lambda})$. With this observations, our proposed EoS provides a possible deviation from $\Lambda$CDM model when the model parameters $\alpha$ and $n$ deviate from 1 and 3 respectively. By using the currently available cosmic observations from type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) Union2.1, baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), we test the viability of this model and detect the possible devotion from the $\Lambda$CDM model. The results show that the new UDF model fits the cosmic observation as well as that of the $\Lambda$CDM model and no deviation is found from the $\Lambda$CDM model in $3\sigma$ confidence level. However, our new UDF model can give a non-zero sound speed, as a contrast, which is zero for the $\Lambda$CDM model. We expect the large structure formation information can distinct the new UDF model from the $\Lambda$CDM model., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1204.5571, arXiv:1204.4798

Considering a spatially flat FRW metric we obtain a model universe consisting partly of quintessence form of dark energy and partly of cosmological constant form of dark energy; and after studying their physical,dynamical and kinematical properties it is found that our model is a new and viable form of model universe containing dark energy.

The FRW-type cosmologies with time varying cosmological term is discussed within the frame work of a thermodynamic context. If at some cosmological time, the cosmological term begins increasing again, as presently observed, expansion will accelerate and matter and/or radiation will be transformed back into dark energy. It is shown that such accelerated expansion is a route towards a new kind of gravitational singular state, characterized by an empty, conformally transitive spacetime in which all energy is dark. We investigate whether dynamic dark energy cosmologies are compatible with the second law of thermodynamics. We examine also the total entropy evolution with time. We observed that the dynamic dark energy cosmology is less restricted with second law of thermodynamics. Some physical implications of these solutions are briefly discussed.

We investigate the QCD ghost model of dark energy in the framework of RS II braneworld. We assume there is an energy flow between the brane and bulk, and hence the continuity equation for the ghost dark energy is violated, while it is still preserved for the dark matter on the brane. We find that with the brane-bulk interaction, the equation of state parameter of ghost dark energy on the brane, can cross the phantom line w D =−1 at the present time, which confirms by some cosmological evidences. This result is in contrast to the standard cosmology where w D of ghost dark energy never cross the phantom line and the universe enters a de Sitter phase at the late time.

In this paper, we study a holographic dark energy model with time varying gravitational constant G as well as holographic parameter c2 in flat FRW space-time geometry. We obtain the evolution of equation of state parameter and the exact differential equation, which determine the evolution of the dark energy density based on varying G and c2 parameter. Also, we determine the deceleration parameter to explain the expansion of the universe. Further, we study the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics in this scenario. Finally, we find out a cosmological implication of our work by evaluating the holographic dark energy equation of state for low red-shifts containing both varying G and c2 parameter corrections.

We choose a modified Chaplygin Gas Dark energy model for considering some its cosmological behaviors. In this regards, we study different Rip singularity scenarios and bouncing model of the universe in context of this model. We show that by using suitable parameters can explain some cosmological aspects of the model.

In this work, we study the power-law and the logarithmic entropy corrected versions of the Ricci Dark Energy (RDE) model in the framework of the Brans-Dicke cosmology non-minimally coupled with a chameleon scalar field ϕ. Considering the presence of interaction between Dark Energy (DE) and Dark Matter (DM), we derived the expressions of some relevant cosmological parameters, i.e. the equation of state parameter ω D , the deceleration parameter q and the evolution of the energy density parameter $\varOmega'_{D}$ .

In this paper, author studied homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-V universe filled with matter and holographic dark energy (DE) components. The exact solutions to the corresponding Einstein’s field equations are obtained for exponential and power-law volumetric expansion. The holographic dark energy (DE) EoS parameter behaves like constant, i.e. ωΛ=−1, which is mathematically equivalent to cosmological constant (Λ) for exponential expansion of the model, whereas the holographic dark energy (DE) EoS parameter behaves like quintessence for power-law expansion of the model. A correspondence between the holographic dark energy (DE) models with the quintessence dark energy (DE) is also established. Quintessence potential and dynamics of the quintessence scalar field are reconstructed, which describe accelerated expansion of the universe. The statefinder diagnostic pair {r,s} is adopted to characterize different phases of the universe.

The stability of holographic dark energy with a non-flat background is investigated. By treating the perturbation globally, we find that the holographic dark energy model is stable, which is a support for the holographic dark energy model.

The main goal of the present work is to investigate the validity of the second law of gravitational thermodynamics in an expanding Godel-type universe filled with generalized Chaplygin gas interacting with cold dark matter. By assuming the Universe as a thermodynamical system bounded by the apparent horizon, and calculating separately the entropy variation for generalized Chaplygin gas, cold dark matter and for the horizon itself, we obtained an expression for the time derivative of the total entropy. We conclude that the 2nd law of gravitational thermodynamics is conditionally valid in the cosmological scenario where the generalized Chaplygin gas interacts with cold dark matter.

The observational data indicate that about 70 % of the total energy density of the current state universe has been occupied by Dark Energy. This is said to be the cause of the accelerated expansion of universe. In this letter we shall use a curvature constant as a scalar field in the quintessence Dark Energy model, for an isotropic universe. Connected to the so-called model, we will specify a definite dynamical field equation from the initial action of the theory.

In this paper we study varying generalized Chaplygin gas which has viscosity in presence of cosmological constant and space curvature. By using well-known forms of scale factor in non-linear differential equation we obtain behavior of dark energy density numerically. We use observational data to fix solution and discuss about stability of our system.

In this work, we establish a correspondence between the holographic dark energy model and polytropic gas model of dark energy in the FRW universe. This correspondence allows us to reconstruct the potential and the dynamics for the scalar field of the polytropic model according to the evolution of holographic dark energy in the FRW universe.

We consider a self consistent system of Bianchi type-V gravitational field and a binary mixture of perfect fluid and dark energy. The perfect fluid is taken to be the one obeying the usual equation of state, i.e., p=γρ, with γ∈[0,1] whereas, the dark energy is considered to be either the quintessence like equation of state or Chaplygin gas. The equation of state parameter for dark energy ω is found to be consistent with the recent observations of SNe Ia data (Knop et al., Astrophys. J. 598:102, 2003), SNe Ia data with CMBR anisotropy and galaxy clustering statistics (Tegmark et al., Astrophys. J. 606:702, 2004) and latest a combination of cosmological datasets coming from CMB anisotropies, luminosity distances of high redshift type Ia supernovae and galaxy clustering (Hinshaw et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 180:225, 2009; Komatsu et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 180:330, 2009). The physical and geometrical aspects of the models are also discussed in detail.

In this paper we investigate the holographic dark energy scenario in higher derivative gravity with a varying gravitational constant. We introduce a kind of energy density from higher derivative gravity which has role of the same as holographic dark energy. We obtain the exact differential equation , which determine the evolution of the dark energy density based on varying gravitational constant G. We also find out a cosmological application of our work by evaluating a relation for the equation of state of dark energy for low redshifts containing varying G correction.

In this paper the equation of state formalism for the dark energy models on the brane considered and stability of theory investigated. We consider four different cases of the Little Rip, Asymptotic de Sitter, Asymptotic breakdown, and Big Freeze singularity models and find that the only stable model is Asymptotic de Sitter case. In other cases we get negative value of squared sound speed.

We studied the Bianchi type-V universe filled with dark energy (DE) from a wet dark fluid (WDF) in the framework of f(R,T) gravity (Harko in Phys. Rev. D 84:024020, 2011). A new equation of state for the dark energy (DE) component of the universe has been used. It is modeled on the equation of state p=w(ρ−ρ∗) which can be describing a liquid, for example water. The exact solutions to the corresponding field equations are obtained for exponential and power-law volumetric expansion. It is observed that the universe can approach to isotropy monotonically even in the presence of wet dark fluid. Also we have discussed the well-known astrophysical phenomena, namely the look-back time, proper distance, the luminosity distance and angular diameter distance with redshift.

In this paper, we have investigated the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric star with anisotropic pressure, made of a dust fluid and dark energy with equations of state pt=wρ and pr=kρ, {(k+2w)

In this paper, we have studied a homogeneous and anisotropic universe filled with matter and holographic dark energy components. Assuming deceleration parameter to be a constant, an exact solution to Einstein’s field equations in axially symmetric Bianchi type-I line element is obtained. A correspondence between the holographic dark energy models with the quintessence dark energy models is also established. Quintessence potential and the dynamics of the quintessence scalar field are reconstructed, which describe accelerated expansion of the universe.

In this paper, we investigate the evolution of dark energy parameter in the spatially homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) model filled with barotropic fluid and dark energy in the framework of scalar-tensor theory of gravitation formulated by Saez and Ballester (Phys. Lett. A 113:467, 1986). To obtain a determinate solution special law of variation for Hubble’s parameter proposed by Bermann (Nuovo Cimento B 74:183, 1983) is used. We consider the two cases of interacting and non-interacting fluid (barotropic and dark energy) scenario and obtained general results. The physical aspects of the results obtained are also discussed.

In this paper, we study holographic Ricci dark energy model with non-constant c 2 term in dark energy density formula. We consider FRW metric in flat space-time and calculate density. Also we find scale factor and Hubble expansion parameter.

We investigate the tachyon scalar filed model of dark energy in the framework of Gauss-Bonnet cosmology. We consider a spatially non-flat universe containing interacting tachyon dark energy with pressureless dark matter. We obtain the equation of state and deceleration parameters. We also reconstruct the potential and the dynamics for the tachyon scalar field model, which describe accelerated expansion of the universe.

This paper deals with the Einstein’s field equations for the space-time described by an inhomogeneous plane symmetric metric in presence of dark energy with time varying cosmological term Λ. The dark energy is given by either the quintessence or Chaplygin gas. It is shown that the models are isotropic and the deceleration parameter of the models is constant.

In this paper we discuss some consequences of Verlinde’s holographic gravity model. Among other things, it yields the observed acceleration of the universe and the inflationary period at early universe obviating the Dark energy. From the Verlinde’s theory of gravity the first phenomenological Modified Newtonian dynamics obviating the Dark matter can be deduced. Moreover through the connection with the Modification of inertia resulting from a Hubble-scale Casimir effect (MiHsC) of McCulloch the model gives a promising possible explanation to the Pioneer anomaly, the flyby anomalies, the Tajmar effect and the minimum mass observed in the disc galaxies.

In this paper we discuss the evolution of the dark energy in the open universe under the framework of the χCDM model. It is showed that the dark energy in the open universe, which drives the universe accelerating, had strange evolution behaviors: it was in the state of negative energy and positive pressure at the early stage of evolution of the dark energy, then evolved into the phase of negative energy and negative pressure during the middle period, and evolved to have the typical features of dark energy (positive energy and negative pressure) only at the later stage.

Bianchi type-I dark energy model with variable equation of state (EoS) parameter is presented in a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Brans and Dicke (Phys. Rev. 124:925, 1961). To get a determinate solution of the field equations we will take the help of special law of variation for Hubble’s parameter presented by Bermann (Nuovo Cimento B. 74:182, 1983) which yields a dark energy cosmological model with negative constant deceleration parameter. It is observed that this dark energy cosmological model always represents an accelerated and expanding universe and also consistent with the recent observations of type-Ia supernovae. Some physical and geometrical properties of the model are also discussed.

As we know the heavy neutrino decays is a successful model for describing dark matter and also is origin of the universe entropy. In this paper we use heavy neutrino decays to calculate time-dependent dark matter density. In that case we use observational data to fixing our solutions.

In the framework of Finslerian geometry, we propose a geometric unification between traditional gauge treatments of gravity, represented by a metric field, and dark energy, which arises as a corresponding gauge potential from the single SU(2) group. Furthermore, we study the perturbation of gravitational waves caused by dark energy. This proposition may have far reaching applications in astrophysics and cosmology.

We have investigated general Bianchi type I cosmological models which containing a perfect fluid and dark energy with time varying G and Λ that have been presented. The perfect fluid is taken to be one obeying the equation of state parameter, i.e., p=ωρ; whereas the dark energy density is considered to be either modified polytropic or the Chaplygin gas. Cosmological models admitting both power-law which is explored in the presence of perfect fluid and dark energy too. We reconstruct gravitational parameter G, cosmological term Λ, critical density ρc, density parameter Ω, cosmological constant density parameter ΩΛ and deceleration parameter q for different equation of state. The present study will examine non-linear EOS with a general nonlinear term in the energy density.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of wet dark fluid in axially symmetric cosmological model within the frame work of bimetric theory of gravitation proposed by Rosen (Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 4:435, 1973). In this theory, it is observed that there is no contribution from wet dark fluid.

In this paper we consider holographic dark energy model with interaction in the flat space-time with non-zero cosmological constant. We calculate cosmic scale factor and Hubble expansion parameter by using the time-dependent dark energy density. Then, we obtain phenomenological interaction between holographic dark energy and matter. We fixed our solution by using the observational data.

Assuming that the equation of state of dark energy is a constant, we obtain the allowed interval of the equation of state of dark energy: wD≥−1, bounded from the generalized second law of thermodynamics, in a universe enveloped by the apparent horizon and containing a Schwarzschild black hole.

In this article, our aim is to consider inflation, dark energy and dark matter in the framework of a real scalar field. To this end, we use the quintessence approach. We have tried a real scalar field with a specific self-interaction potential in a spacially flat universe. Numerical results indicate that this potential can drive the expansion of the universe in three distinct phases. The first phase behaves as an inflationary expansion. For this stage, setting the scalar field's initial value to ? 0?1.94 leads to N?68 favored by observation. After the inflationary phase, the scalar field starts an oscillatory behavior which averages to a w¯=0 fluid. This stage can be taken as a cold dark matter (p?0) epoch expected from works on the structure formation issue. Observations and cosmological models indicate that t inf?10 -35 s and the matter dominated lasts for t m?10 17 s, hence (t m/t inf)obs?10 52. We have shown that the present model can satisfy such a constraint. Finally, the scalar field leaves the oscillatory behavior and once again enters a second inflationary stage which can be identified with the recent accelerated expansion of the universe. We have also compared our model with the ?CDM model and have found a very good agreement between the equation of state parameter of both of models during the DM and DE era. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

In this paper, we consider holographic Ricci dark energy model, and by using general relativity equations obtain time-dependent density of the Universe. We show that the resulting density in independent of space curvature.

In this study, we consider new model of dark energy based on Taylor expansion of its density and calculate the Hubble expansion parameter for various parameterizations of equation of state. This model is useful to probe a possible evolving of dark energy component in comparison with current observational data.

We consider a self-consistent system of Bianchi Type VI0 cosmology and binary mixture of perfect fluid and dark energy. The perfect fluid is taken to be one obeying the usual equation of state p=γρ with γ∈[0,1]. The dark energy is considered to be either the quintessence or Chaplygin gas. Exact solutions to the corresponding Einstein’s field equations are obtained as a quadrature. Models with power-law and exponential expansion have discussed in detail.

We study the evolution of the dark energy parameter in a spatially homogeneous and isotropic FRW space-time filled with barotropic fluid and dark energy by considering a time dependent deceleration parameter. Two cases are discussed when the dark energy is minimally coupled to the perfect fluid as well as direct interaction with it. It is concluded that in both non-interacting and interacting cases only open and flat universes cross the phantom region. We find that during the evolution of the universe, the equation of state (EoS) for dark energy ω D changes from ω D >−1 to ω D