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Adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies have radically altered the treatment landscape for renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. However, studies have reported negative data regarding adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Thus, this study aimed to assess the role of adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for both renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. A systematic review and network meta‐analysis were conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement. Multiple databases were searched for articles published as of February 2023. Studies were deemed eligible if they evaluated disease‐free survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma receiving adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Five studies met the inclusion criteria. In a network meta‐analysis, pembrolizumab was shown to be the most effective regimen for patients with renal cell carcinoma, whereas nivolumab was found to be the most effective regimen for patients with urothelial carcinoma. Additionally, these results were consistently observed in a sub‐analysis of the T stage. The present analysis provides findings that support the usefulness of adjuvant nivolumab therapy in urothelial carcinoma and adjuvant pembrolizumab therapy in renal cell carcinoma, in agreement with the currently available guidelines. However, the caveat is that the randomized controlled trials included in this analysis differed in important respects despite being similar in study design. Therefore, with these differences in mind, care needs to be taken when selecting patients for these immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies to maximize their benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial Comment to How does 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography impact the management of patients with prostate cancer recurrence after surgery? Biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer (PCa) patients after radical prostatectomy involves approximately 15 000-25 000 men in the USA every year.[1] Conventional imaging techniques generally detect the PCa recurrence site either at considerably high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values or at consistently large disease volumes.[2] Thus, these imaging tools are usually inadequate to provide clinically relevant information early after biochemical recurrence recognition, when, however, this aspect might be crucial for treatment planning, especially in those PCa patients with a rapidly progressive disease.[3] Recently, SP 68 sp Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has shown a promising diagnostic yield, even at low PSA values.[2] How does 68 Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography impact the management of patients with prostate cancer recurrence after surgery?. [Extracted from the article]