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A recent report on migrant domestic work in Lebanon has cited psychological disorder among Lebanese ' Madams' as the leading cause of violence against their migrant maids (Jureidini, 2011, www.kafa.org.lb/StudiesPublicationPDF/PRpdf38.pdf). This report typifies much of the existing scholarship on the experiences of migrant domestic workers ( MDWs) in the Middle East, where the focus is on employer-employee relationships, especially the abusive Arab ' Madam.' In this paper, I argue that the portrayal of violations of MDW rights as abuse of one set of women by another is inherently problematic on several fronts. It privatizes the structural problem of workers' and immigrant rights violations, delegates it to the household, and absolves the state of its responsibility. Moreover, the focus on abusive employers takes attention away from the root of the problem - the inherently exploitative system of migration and recruitment in the region, the sponsorship system. The sponsorship system not only creates conditions for much of these violations, but also systematically produces a new population of readily exploitable worker - the category of 'illegal workers.' Oral histories and interviews with individual workers are employed to analyze the process by which illegal workers are 'produced' in Lebanon. Finally, focus group discussions highlight critical policy recommendations made by the workers themselves, which address the systemic bases of their exploitation in Lebanon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the rarely examined experiences of unaccompanied refugee minors in Nairobi, Kenya. Children are thought to comprise up to a third of Nairobi's refugee population, however, there is virtually no data on them. The paper provides a first analysis of a unique dataset to ascertain unaccompanied minor refugees' experiences of physical, emotional, resource related, and sexual violence. Our research findings indicate widespread violence among refugee children living in Nairobi, and denote the prevalence of several kinds of violence in particular. Our results also reveal which children are most at risk and the type of abuse they are most likely to experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies acknowledge the role of a liminal legal status as well as geopolitical factors in constituting a demand for an alternative citizenship. Less is known about the effects of war or political turmoil in countries of nationality for populations who live outside those countries in places with little or no permanent settlement paths. This paper takes the case of Syrian nationals born and raised in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to explore the impact of war in Syria on their considerations about, and for some, experiences of, migration, including through asylum-seeking in Europe. It argues that this migration is less about relocation to the "West" and more about a solution to restrictions tied to their liminality in the UAE, as well as their citizenship by birth. By pursuing "stronger" passports from elsewhere, they seek an ability to choose where they live — including the option to stay "home" in the UAE or maintain links there. This paper introduces the notion of circumstantial citizenship to better understand how, when, and for whom citizenship matters in restrictive migration contexts. By engaging with key debates in migration studies, such as volition, alternatives, and options, circumstantial citizenship conceptualizes people's complex journeys as they navigate liminality, changing conditions, international borders, and limited resources to access the long-term security of a better passport. Findings provide significant insights into the role of restrictive migration policies in shaping the value and meaning of citizenship and driving onward migration in complex ways today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about Canada's Green Paper on Immigration Policy. Minister of Manpower and Immigration, the Honorable Robert Andras, finally tabled the Canadian government's Green Paper on immigration policy, in the House of Commons on February 3, 1975. Canadian governments produce green papers in order to initiate a national discussion on particular issues, and white papers when they wish to make specific policy proposals, often leading to legislation. It examines the contents of Canada's Green Paper and to reflect upon the circumstances in which it was written and on the implications it may have for the future development of our immigration policy and programs. Throughout the post-war period, Canadian immigration policy has had very short-term objectives, although there has always been an underlying assumption that immigration meant population growth and that this was what Canada needed. The motivation of the Canadian government in setting up a task force-the Canadian Immigration and Population Study-in September 1973 to produce a Green Paper on immigration and population growth.

While assimilation theories implicitly assume that immigrants' acceptance as "one of us" derives from their high levels of socioeconomic attainment in destination countries, little is known about the subjective experience of national belonging among the new immigrant elite in Western Europe. In this article, I assemble an analytical framework to study perceived acceptance within the national imagined community among immigrant-origin individuals who have already achieved high socioeconomic attainment at destination. Empirically, I look at subjective experiences of stigma and national belonging through in-depth interviews with forty-two professionals of North and Sub-Saharan African origins in France. How do these high-status individuals experience stigma, and how do they negotiate and claim inclusion as worthy members of the French imagined community? Respondents generally perceive only moderate levels of racial stigma in their daily lives, and I find that upper-middle-class culture empowers them to use cultural elitism to deflect racism as intellectually backward and illegitimate. However, I also find that self-identified Muslim respondents face widespread religious stigmatization that cast them as outsiders to French society. They respond to this stigmatization by distinguishing themselves from "undesirable" Muslims, rather than by denouncing anti-Muslim prejudice per se. These divergent experiences suggest that acceptance within the French nation is shaped by religious difference and remains actively negotiated after the achievement of social mobility. Overall, the paper suggests that cultural repertoires play a key role in enabling immigrant-origin individuals to claim national belonging in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, Egypt has gained strategic significance in migration with the start of the Arab Spring. The situation in the region has led to a tripling in the number of refugees and asylum seekers registered in Egypt. Migration policy making in Egypt has focused on the emigration of workers and diaspora engagement. Egypt has increasingly become a country of destination and transit which necessitates a fundamental shift in Egyptian migration policies. This paper examines Egypt's migration policy development over time, along with the main strategic goals and potential policy partnerships. Accordingly, the article explains how the successive Governments of Egypt have modeled the country's migration policies to pursue other policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant housing investments in the countries of origin are a demonstration of their transnational engagement and their potential contribution to local development. Yet, these investments remain relatively understudied on a large scale. In this paper, we explore three related questions on the drivers, prevalence, and development of transnational housing, drawing on an original survey of Ecuadorian and Indian migrants in different European cities. First, what factors account for the likelihood of migrants owning a remittance house? Second, for those migrants without houses abroad, what factors account for the likelihood of aspiring to have a remittance house in the first place, as opposed to "not being interested"? Third, how do factors affecting the likelihood of owning a remittance house compare to those affecting the likelihood of being a remittance house dreamer? Our findings suggest that, among those without a remittance house, the likelihood of being a transnational house dreamer decreases with the length of residence abroad, while the length of stay has no statistically significant impact on the likelihood of transnational house ownership. We also find that migrants with greater economic capacity are less likely to be dreamers and more likely to be transnational house-owners, suggesting that the difference between being a transnational house-dreamer and a transnational house-owner is often financial. Finally, greater attachment to the country of origin increases the likelihood of being both a transnational house owner and a transnational dreamer. We also discuss how the results change across migrant groups and across genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the question of who and what drives forced migration governance in origin, host, and transit states, drawing on empirical material from the contemporary Syrian and Libyan, and the historical Algerian displacement situations. These three cases are examples for different forced migration governance approaches, ranging from open-supportive (Algeria), to restrictive-selective (Syria) and laissez-faire (Libya). We identify three key drivers of forced migration governance to explain variation in governance outcome: domestic, geopolitical, and international-normative drivers. We understand forced migration governance as a state-making strategy for different state and non-state actors in origin, transit, and host countries. We argue that while forced migration governance is negotiated around humanitarian principles in which international organizations and civil society play a crucial role, the international-normative driver remains strongly bound to domestic and geopolitical logics. Political and economic interests are key factors of forced migration governance in host countries, especially if they align with political interests and state-making strategies of state and non-state actors in origin countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on some of the systematic studies of migration in Africa. The causes and rationalization of migrations have been elaborated upon by geographers and economists in relation to agricultural, industrial-development and urbanization. The article includes works, methods and theories specific to African migrations including analytical models and techniques. It includes studies related to the causes and factors which sustain African migrations. It comprises works intended to show migration differentials, characteristics of migrants--age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational and occupational patterns. The article lists the effect of migration on the source areas and destinations. It includes issues related to depopulation, dislocation and adjustment to conditions created by migration. Some of the studies enlisted are "Migrant Urban Workers, and Rural Property Ownership: A Case Study of Migrants in Calabar, Nigeria," by E.M. Abasiekong; "Population Growth and Socio-economic Change in West Africa," edited by J.C. aldwell; and "Movement of Population from Rural to Urban Areas in Sierra Leone With Special Reference to the Colony Rural Areas," by G.R. Collings.

This paper examines the effects of 9/11 on the self-employment outcomes of Arab and Muslim immigrants. Using CPS Data 2000–2005 and a difference-in-differences approach, I analyze the changes in their self-employment entry/exit decisions and earnings after 9/11 using native whites as the main comparison group. I find that the Arab and Muslim immigrants are less likely to enter self-employment after 9/11, especially into industries that require higher levels of capital investment. However, there is no evidence that 9/11 has negative impacts on their exit decisions or earnings. The paper further documents a shift of Arab and Muslim immigrants’ businesses toward industries such as construction, finance/real estate/insurance services, and professional services after 9/11, areas in which they have performed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the means for the exclusion of groups deemed undesirable within the Lockean liberal tradition, particularly as the American Federalists modified it. It further explores the consequences of the practical application of this vision for immigration in the American case. The author contends that controversies about immigration in America demonstrate a deeply communitarian strain within Lockean liberalism that feeds rationalized exclusionary practice. This argument turns on an analysis of liberal theories of consent in Locke and early American thinkers. The goal of the paper is to make the Lockean tradition and its American adaptations speak more clearly about immigration, so that the issue can be better defined. In framing both the use and abuse of immigrants and the foundations of such behavior as problematic, the author hopes to provoke fresh thinking about the nature of and possible solutions to American exclusionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why international migrants, who face numerous security and cultural threats in their host societies, are almost never implicated in civil war violence. This is quite different from situations of internal migration, which often set off violence that escalates to civil war proportions. The paper first lays out the stark contrast between the political implications of external and internal migration based on data adapted from the Minorities at Risk (MAR) dataset. It then explores the reasons for the low incidence of civil war violence for international migrants through an examination of three cases: Bahrain, which has a large expatriate community without political rights that has been politically quiescent; Estonia, where some 30 percent of the population are disaffected Russian-speakers linked to post-World War II migrations from other republics of the Soviet Union; and Pakistan, where the immigrant Muhajirs are a partial exception to the general pattern outlined in this paper. It concludes with a general statement of the relationship between immigration and rebellion, where the level of grievances is less consequential than the conditions that make insurgency pay off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Kingdom, like many developed world economies, has witnessed unprecedented immigration since the early 1990s. Also in line with other developed world economies, the United Kingdom has adopted a 'managed migration' policy paradigm. The paper argues that the operation of this paradigm is best understood with reference to two key concepts: migration policy 'venues' and migration policy 'filters.' In terms of the former, the paper argues that managed migration policy is associated with outward, upward, and downward rescaling and commensurate venue growth and diversification. In terms of the latter, the paper argues that six policy filters (legal, geographical, credential, transfer-based, monetary, and humanitarian) are commonly used to determine legitimate forms of migration but that one (the geographical filter) has been particularly prominent within the United Kingdom's managed migration policy paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the regulatory regimes surrounding the operations of intermediaries who facilitate Ethiopian women's employment as contract domestic workers in the Middle East. Drawing on empirical research in Ethiopia, Lebanon, and Kuwait, the paper focuses on the commonly observed problem of "regulatory failure," as states and international agencies frequently fail to achieve their objectives in the regulation of intermediaries of migration. This paper argues that a decentered approach to regulation can provide a productive diagnosis of regulatory failure, one that recognizes how power may be dispersed between social actors and (non-unitary) state actors and how it is differentially exercised across multiple regulatory regimes within this migration trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, around 1.2 million documented Afghans remained in Iran, of whom half were second generation. This paper is based on the results of a qualitative study conducted in three settings: Tehran, Mashhad and Isfahan, and draws on data collected via 80 in-depth interviews and six focus group discussions with second generation Afghans in Iran. The aim of the paper is to explore the adaptation of second-generation Afghans in Iran, particularly in relation to marriage and family formation. The results show that educational achievements and occupational skills of the second-generation Afghans in Iran facilitated their adaptation to the host society, and inspired different marriage and family behaviors and aspirations in comparison with the first generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the institutional logics of migration policy making at local city level, comparing four Danish municipal approaches. Using a theoretical framework on political opportunity structures, policy frames, and institutional logics, the paper argues that divergences between national and local level can be explained not only as an unsuccessful transposition of nationally formulated policies, but also as an outcome of divergence in alternative and competing policy frames, political rationales, and institutional logics. Investigating factors such as size, economy, and organizational structure, the paper offers three interrelated explanations for divergences between national and local level and between different local approaches. The paper argues that the difference in national and local level political opportunity structures makes a difference; that ideas diffused from outside the national context can inform local-level policy making; and that policies are situated within and adjusted to the broader cultural economy and city branding as part of competition between cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Gap," "split," and "divide" are just a few among many words used in publicizing the divergence of literature on internal and international migration. In this paper, we empirically test what has so far been just a conjecture. Using Web of Science data and bibliometric techniques, we, first, provide quantitative measures of the size of the proclaimed gap. Second, we inquire into the existing conceptual overlap between the two strands of academic literature. Third, we search for channels through which research on internal and international migration can potentially blend into becoming a single, more holistic area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper finds that the decline in the numbers of Basotho1 migrant mine workers since the 1990s was not market induced but rather a result of political and policy changes in South Africa. As a result of these changes, household income throughout rural Lesotho dropped significantly. As current migrant households generally do not have skilled workers or operate family businesses, the paper makes a case for training in skills and entrepreneurship as a means of utilizing Lesotho's comparative advantages to generate domestic employment and absorb retrenched and prospective migrant mine workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the structures and practices of temporary migrant worker programs (TMWP) as they operate in Canadian agriculture. Acting within highly competitive, globalized markets, agri-food employers rely on the availability of migrant workers to achieve greater flexibility in their labor arrangements, drawing on employment practices beyond those possible with a domestic workforce. Most recently, changes to Canada’s two TMWP schemes have provided employers with greater scope to shape the social composition of their workforce. The paper analyzes these changes while exploring their implications for workplace regimes in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, many nations are experiencing an increase in anti-immigrant attitudes on the part of natives. Most papers only explore one or two sources of anti-immigrant attitudes at a time, which provides an incomplete picture of the effects at work. This paper tests eight different explanations for anti-immigrant attitudes: cultural marginality theory, human capital theory, political affiliation, societal integration, neighborhood safety, contact theory, foreign investment, and economic competition. Analysis is conducted using combined data from the European Social Survey and Eurostat/OECD and individual-, regional-, and national-level predictors. Results indicate that key predictors of anti-immigrant attitudes are regional and national interpersonal trust, education level, foreign direct investment, and political variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies – which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels – this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development “from below”. These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the association between migration and gender roles measured by women’s paid work. The main migrant group of this study, its context and the method of analysis provide opportunity to meet this objective appropriately. The paper focuses on female migrants from the Middle East and North Africa region, who are often characterized by traditional gender roles including women’s low rates of paid work. The residing country of this migrant group is Australia, which holds different gender roles including women’s high work participation rate. Accordingly, the multivariate results of this paper provide empirical evidence to examine the effects of migration on gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of co-ethnic social capital on the earnings of refugees, using a unique data set for adult refugees who resettled in Portland, Maine, between 1998 and 2004. Multiple regression models test the effect of access to co-ethnic social capital on the log earnings of refugees in their first and most recent years of work. Results show that over time access to co-ethnic social capital upon arrival decreased earnings for female refugees. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for social capital and immigration research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper advances our empirical and theoretical understanding of migrant assimilation. It does so by focusing on a very particular group of individuals who appear more likely than other migrant types to “go native.” We call these individuals “mixed nationality relationship migrants” ( i.e., migrants who have committed to a life outside their home country because of the presence of a foreign partner). The paper argues that the transnational family milieus that emerge from this form of international migration are critical to the assimilation process. Empirical material from 11 in-depth interviews with female migrants in Britain (Sheffield) and France (Paris) supports our argument. We also suggest that such “extreme” assimilation is more likely within a regional migratory system – like the EU – where the “identity frontiers” crossed in the formation of a transnational family are relatively shallow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the differences associated with the patterns and determinants of women's market employment by migration status and ethnic origin. Considering “ethnic employment” as an important issue in the immigrant labor market assimilation approach and migrants’ success in the labor market as a key indication of their settlement in the host country, the results of this paper provide a basis to reassess the patterns and determinants associated with the settlement of female migrants in the multiethnic and multicultural labor market of Australia as “a particularly interesting society in which to examine how immigrant women adapt to [a] new labour market” ( Evans, 1984 :1063). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an empirical assessment of the prevalence and determinants of cross-state social exchanges and attachments among Latin American immigrants living in the United States. As we shall show, using data from a recent survey of Latin American migrants living in the United States, migrant cross-state social action comes in a variety of types, with the direction of conditioning factors differing from one type to another. Moreover, social and political incorporation in the United States reduces affective ties and provision of material support, all the while facilitating other forms of cross-state social action. Consequently, while international migrants regularly engage in trans-state social action, the paper shows that neither transnational ism as condition of being, nor transmigrants, as distinctive class of people, is commonly found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor migration and commerce between Sudan and Libya have long been features of livelihoods in Darfur. This paper describes the importance of historical trade and migration links between Darfur and Libya, and provides a background to the political and economic situation in Libya which has influenced opportunities for Sudanese migrant workers. A case study of the situation of the Darfurian migrants in Kufra (an oasis and transnational trade hub in southern Libya) illustrates how the recent Darfur conflict has affected migration patterns from Darfur and remittance flows in the opposite direction. Official estimates of Darfurian migrant workers in Libya were unavailable but were estimated to be between 150,000 and 250,000. The closure of the national border between Sudan and Libya in May 2003, largely a result of insecurity in Darfur, stopped the traffic of migrant workers between northern Darfur and southern Libya (which prevented the onward travel to Sudan of several thousand migrants in Kufra), and curtailed the well-established trade routes, communications, and remittance flows. The current limited economic prospects for migrant workers in Libya, combined with the threat of detention, difficulties of return to Sudan, and loss of contact with and uncertainty about the fate of their families in Darfur, have created a sense of despair among many Darfurians. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations to improve the conditions of the Darfurian migrants in Libya, including an amnesty for illegal migrants, and also to ease the travel of migrants, promote communications between Libya and Darfur, and support the flow of remittances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data drawn from the 2000 US and the 2001 Canadian Censuses, this paper analyzes the onward emigration of Canadian immigrants to the US between 1995 and 2000. The characteristics of an estimated 48,336 Canadian immigrants who made an onward emigration from Canada to the United States are examined. This paper also seeks to determine whether onward foreign-born emigrants are representative of immigrants in Canada and Canadian-born emigrants to the US. Results indicate that onward emigrants are primarily young, married, possess a bachelor's degree, earn incomes of $100,000 US or greater, and reside in large immigrant-receiving states and metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper two gaps in North American immigrant homeownership research are addressed. The first concerns the lack of studies (especially in Canada) that identify changes in homeownership rates by skin color over time, and the second relates to the shortage of comparative research between Canada and the United States on this topic. In this paper the homeownership levels and attainment rates of Black, Chinese, Filipino, White, and South Asian immigrants are compared in Canada and the United States for 1970/1971–2000/2001. For the most part, greater similarities than differences are found between the two countries. Both Canadian and U.S. Chinese and White immigrants have the highest adjusted homeownership rates of all groups, at times even exceeding comparably positioned native-born households. Black immigrants, on the other hand, tend to have the lowest ownership rates of all groups, particularly in the United States, with Filipinos and South Asians situated between these extremes. Most of these differences stem from disparities that exist at arrival, however, and not from differential advancement into homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the conference papers presented at the ninth biennial conference of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM). The IASFM conference was held January 9-13, 2005 in São Paulo, Brazil and was hosted by the Pontifical Catholic University and the Latin American Parliament. The conference featured 168 papers, primarily of applied research, presented by 200 academics, policymakers, practitioners, and government representatives. This was the first time that IASFM met in Latin America; the conference was simultaneously translated in Spanish, Portuguese, and English. The conference focused on the number of cases and causes of forced migration as well as possible repatriation of migrants. Smuggling and human trafficking was also addressed.

This article focuses on immigration in Italy. Immigrant flows and foreigners in Italy can be separated into two categories: legal and illegal foreigners. This distinction is based on the legal or illegal status of the immigrants when entering the country of destination (with or without an entry visa or the necessary papers) and during their stay (with or without a valid residence permit). Of course, entrance without the necessary papers (illegal entrance) means unlawful residence in the destination country (illegal presence), whereas a regular entrance allows for lawful residence (legal presence). During their stay, foreigners may change status. Consequently, within the illegal category it is possible to distinguish between undocumented foreigners (those entering the country illegally and staying unlawfully) and irregular foreigners (those who remained in the country without renewing their residence permits). The latter worsen their condition. Furthermore, following a legalization law, some of the illegal foreigners (both irregular and undocumented) can get valid residence permits, thus improving their condition.

Research on the reception and integration of immigrants now recognizes more explicitly the impact that characteristics of societies have as they play host to immigrants. This brief introduction to six papers -- by Kasinitz, Mollenkopf and Waters; Boyd; Model and Lin; Borjas; Martin; and Castles -- shows how they reflect a research emphasis on four inter-related features of host societies: 1) pre-existing ethnic and race relations, 2) labor markets and related institutions, 3) government policies and programs both for immigration and for broader institutional regulation, and 4) the changing nature of international boundaries, part of the process of globalization. Cultural dimensions permeate analyses of each of these four aspects. Together with others in a larger collection of 18 papers developing this theme (scheduled for publication as a book by the Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California at San Diego), the various analyses suggest elements useful in constructing a theory of immigrant reception and incorporation taking proper account of the impact of host societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section offers a look at the papers presented at the three seminars organized by the French Institute for International Relations with the support of Ford Foundation in 2000 and 2001 about international migration. Emilio Reyneri and Maria Bagan provided an overview of the migratory situation in southern Europe, inclusive of Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain. They warn against oversimplification of migration processes in southern Europe and hold that migratory movements to each of the four countries are quite unique. Bernabé Lopez Garcia described the rapid transition of Spain from a land of emigration to a land of immigration by the 1980s. He regards the 1985 law adopted shortly before Spain's accession to the then European community as dysfunctional, overly restrictive with regard to the rights of immigrants and as unlikely to favor integration of immigrants. Like France, but unlike Spain and Italy, Belgium has a long history of immigration. Octavia Schmidt di Friedberg's contribution focused on the Moroccan population of Italy. Muslims now comprise the second largest religious group in Italy and the nearly 120,000 legally resident Moroccans constituted the single largest population of foreigners. Daniele Joly's paper explored how evolving policies toward refugees and asylum-seekers were affecting citizenship.

This paper demonstrates that, since 1945, migration policies have overall become less restrictive. Challenging common assumptions, this long-term trend is robust across most of the 45 countries included in the DEMIG POLICY database. While the period after 1989 is characterized by a slowing down of the rapid post-WWII liberalization of migration policies, liberal policy changes have continued to outnumber restrictive policy changes until today. Yet policy developments differ across policy types and migrant categories: Entry and integration policies have become less restrictive, while border control and exit policies have become more restrictive. Also, while policies towards irregular migrants and family migrants have been tightened in recent years, less restrictive changes have dominated policies targeting high- and low-skilled workers, students, and refugees. The essence of modern migration policies is thus not their growing restriction, but their focus on migrant selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that, since 1945, migration policies have overall become less restrictive. Challenging common assumptions, this long-term trend is robust across most of the 45 countries included in the DEMIG POLICY database. While the period after 1989 is characterized by a slowing down of the rapid post-WWII liberalization of migration policies, liberal policy changes have continued to outnumber restrictive policy changes until today. Yet policy developments differ across policy types and migrant categories: Entry and integration policies have become less restrictive, while border control and exit policies have become more restrictive. Also, while policies towards irregular migrants and family migrants have been tightened in recent years, less restrictive changes have dominated policies targeting high- and low-skilled workers, students, and refugees. The essence of modern migration policies is thus not their growing restriction, but their focus on migrant selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the effects of domestic and international remittances on child labor and schooling. Using data from the 1992-1993 and 1997-1998 Vietnam Living Standards Surveys, we investigate school attendance and child labor in remittance recipient and nonrecipient households. The results of our binomial logit and two-sided censored regression panel analysis indicate that remittances increase schooling and reduce child labor. Although international remittances are found to have a stronger beneficial impact than domestic remittances in the cross-section, the panel analysis, taking account of fixed effects, reverses this result, showing that the only significant impact stems from domestic remittances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Community Survey (ACS) includes a "year-of-entry" question that asks the foreign born when they came "to live in the United States." Researchers have used these data to analyze "recent" immigrants -- usually defined as arriving within the last five to 10 years -- noting that the number of new arrivals is considerably lower than those who arrived in prior years and suggesting the size of the recent immigrant population may be underestimated. This paper shows the primary cause of the lower-than-expected estimates to be the ACS data collection methodology, which causes an inherent downward bias in survey-year arrivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a special type of remittances -- monetary remittances sent by international migrants to their hometowns to build symbolic structures and cultural facilities for collective consumption. We develop an analytical framework to examine the motives behind migrants' remitting behavior and the mechanisms for realizing their remitting objectives based on a comparative study of two emigrant groups from China. We find that the sending of remittances for collective consumption serves as a unique mechanism for social status compensation. Such behavior is not only affected by migrants' socioeconomic circumstances or government policies, but also by intersecting contextual and institutional factors at multiple levels transnationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of migration policies has been widely contested. However, because of methodological and conceptual limitations, evidence has remained inconclusive. Moreover, prior studies focus on the effects of policies on inflows and fail to assess the simultaneous effect of policies on outflows. This is essential from a theoretical point of view as immigration restrictions may reduce both inflows and outflows and, hence, overall circulation. This renders the effect of immigration restrictions on net migration theoretically ambiguous. To fill this gap, and using unique migration and visa data from the Determinants of International Migration ( DEMIG) project, this paper assesses the short- and long-term effects of travel visa policy regimes on bilateral immigration and emigration dynamics. The results suggest that travel visa policies significantly decrease inflows, but this effect is undermined by decreasing outflows of the same migrant groups. This confirms that migration restrictions decrease circulation and tend to encourage long-term settlement, and thereby sharply reduce the responsiveness of migration to economic fluctuations in destination and origin societies. We also identify asymmetric policy effects with migration flows declining only very gradually after a visa introduction but increasing almost immediately after visa removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares two aspects of the social reproduction of religion: parent-to-child transmission, and religious homogamy. Analysis of a survey of immigrants in France shows that for parent-to-child transmission, immigrant status/generation is not the central variable - rather, variation is across religions with Muslim families showing high continuity. Immigrant status/generation does directly matter for partner choice. In Christian and Muslim families alike, religious in-partnering significantly declines in the second generation. In turn, the offspring of religiously non-homogamous families is less religious. For Muslim immigrants this points to the possibility of a non-trivial decline in religiosity in the third generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents summaries of papers presented at the International Conference on the Hindu Diaspora on August 22-23, 1997. The inaugural lecture was given by the internationally renowned astrophysicist and Nobel prize nominee, E. C. G. Sudarshan from the University of Texas at Austin. The lecture focuses on the restructuring and revival of religion among expatriates. Several of the presenters are specialists in the area of Diaspora Studies. John Leavitt spoke on the performance of traditional texts in the Hindu Diaspora. Leavitt emphasized the reliance on the spoken, sung, or declaimed word as a central part of religious practice and as a key aspect of Hindu tradition, with poetic word and performance style contributing to religious aesthetic effectiveness. Lynn M. Hart also spoke of the Hindu Diaspora as it has surfaced in the Canadian context when presenting her paper entitled, Case Studies From the Hindu Diaspora: Problems of Adaptation. Hart related a research project with members of the Indo-Canadian Hindu community which concluded that traditional South Asian concepts continue to play an extremely important role in the daily lives of those Hindus.

This paper examines the traditional distinction between the migration of refugees and labor migrants in the context of Iranian asylum seekers in the Netherlands. The empirical strategy adopted is to apply a framework designed specifically to explain labor migration to the case of asylum migration, and the social networks approach is identified as the most appropriate. This paper examines the role of social networks through the asylum cycle, focusing on the decision to migrate, the choice of destination, and adaptation in the host society. The key conclusion is that the validity of the distinction between refugee and labor migration varies through the asylum cycle even for the same individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the research papers presented by Rainer Bauböck and Bhikhu Parekh regarding minorities and immigrants' rights which appeared in the Spring 1996 issue of International Migration Review. The excellent papers by Parekh and Bauböck try to rebut arguments that immigrants have weaker claims to cultural liberty and preservation than other sorts of minorities. Parekh recommends a right to dialogue over immigrant practices that mainstreamers find offensive. And Bauböck defends a broad claim to cultural recognition for immigrant groups which cashes out in specific rights to liberties, nondiscrimination, assistance in cultural preservation, and special representation. The sort of dialogue Parekh proposes is very attractive, and his discussions of how such dialogues might go in specific cases are very illuminating. Unfortunately, the sorts of dialogue that Parekh would like mainstreamers to have with minorities are very difficult to arrange and conduct. Parekh treats human rights as if they are competitors to the sort of dialogue he recommends, and thus gives several arguments in support of their dismissal. The author claims to have two worries about the theory of Parekh. First, he does not see that universal human rights are in competition with urging dialogue over minority group practices that mainstreamers find offensive. His second concern is that Parekh's criticisms of universal human rights, if sound, will undermine the attractive values on which he bases his own case for dialogue.

An awareness of the growing importance of the Chinese overseas was recognized in convening the major conference Luodi-shenggen: The Legal Political and Economic Status of Chinese in Diaspora, which was held in San Francisco, California in November 1992. The organizing committee had designated five major themes around which participants could write their papers. Panels were created around these themes, with additional panels developed around topics that emerged as being of concern as planning for the conference progressed. Concern tended to center around the general issues of overseas Chinese communities and, in particular, the origin and structure of new Chinatowns. In total, over 140 papers were presented encompassing these themes during the three days of the conference. Just under half of the papers were presented in Chinese and the rest in English. The sessions on business relations devoted much attention to the strategies of Chinese entrepreneurs within both local and regional contexts. The sessions on migration covered the gamut from theoretical, global aspects of the Chinese diaspora to local dimensions of the Chinese migrant and criminal law. Particular attention was focused on two of the main destinations of migration such as Australia and Canada.

This article reports on the Expert Group Meeting in Population Distribution and Migration which was held January 22-18, 1993 in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The participants, representing different geographical regions, scientific disciplines and institutions, included 16 experts invited by the Secretary-General of the Conference in their personal capacities, and representatives of United Nations regional commissions. The 16 experts had prepared papers on the main agenda items in order to provide a framework for discussion. Papers were presented on the following topics: issues in population distribution and migration; patterns of population distribution and development; patterns affecting internal migration and population distribution; internal migration and its implications for development; economic aspects of international migration; international migration in the changing world; international migration between developing countries; refugees and asylum-seekers. At the end, 37 recommendations were proposed by the conference. It included recommendations on government policies towards population distribution and migration, international migration policies, refugee policies and development of the field of migration and urban statistics through census and research.

This conference, organized jointly by the Nihon University and the East-West Center (University of Hawaii) bought together researchers, policy-makers and a small number of representatives of transnational corporations from within and outside the Asian region to evaluate the relationship between flows of human resources and capital around the region. The conference examined both traditional worker migration, the migration of high-level manpower, permanent migration movements and the clandestine migration of illegal workers. Excellent introductory papers were given by Professor R. Appleyard of the University of Western Australia and Associate Professor C. Stahl of the University of Newcastle on South Asia and Southeast Asia, respectively. Various sessions on many issues were led by other scholars and experts in the region. Among which is a paper by Won Bae Kim of the East West Population Institute which summarizes the potential for development in the Soviet Far East and the extent to which resource developments there would lead to Asian investment.

The article presents information on the 17th Pacific Science Association's seminar on migration held from May 27-June 1,1991 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Twenty researchers presented nineteen papers. The Symposium was divided into four sections, commencing with a session of four papers offering overviews of various facets of migration. Researcher Jerrold W. Huguet considered the future of international migration within Asia, noting the complexity of Asian intraregional migration and the large numbers involved, as relatively low-skilled laborers seek work in neighboring and wealthier countries. Researcher Ronald Skeldon examined the mobility transition in Asia, taking current theories and assessing their utility part of a demographic transition and the modernization process, since these take place increasingly within a world system. Southeast Asian migration issues were discussed by researcher Aurapin Bunnag who spoke on migration patterns and development policy in Bangkok. In conclusion, researcher Riwanto Tirtosudarmo ended the program with an examination of the specific case of transmigration policy and regional development in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.

The article presents information on several works including books and research papers. "We the People: An Atlas of America's Ethnic Diversity," by J.P. Allen and E.J. Turner tells the full story of how and why the ethnic backgrounds of Americans differ so much from one place to the next. With original maps and a detailed text, it is a visual guide to the ethnic heritage of America. Paper on "Ethiopia: Political Imprisonment and Torture," reports on the imprisonment of several thousand suspected opponents of the government in Ethiopia. "The Pawnee Indians," by G.E. Hyde looks back in tribal history of the Pawnee's--its cultural characteristics and military patterns.