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This paper highlights the juridical Genetic Modified Organisms statu artis and its legal definition in Italy, Europe and in the rest of the world in order to compare different cultural approaches to needs, interests, fears and precautions against a not scientifically certain innovation. It also stresses the legislative processes towards an extended participation that unifies economic interests, political goals, customer satisfaction, collective safety, and human construction for a sustainable future, a new form of governance. The paper ends with a sociological and comparative analysis of needs, fears, interests and responsibilities related to GMO in Italy and Europe, with the aim of defining some possible evolutions of ruling uncertainty today.

The sociological study of professions as a special category of occupational groups is a long standing field of academic research with its own history and distinctive comparative and historical modes of analysis. The intellectual field includes the study of occupations which are knowledge-based and achieved following years of higher education and vocational training. There are, however, important differences between Anglo-American and continental European modes of production of professionalism. Professional associations have not existed in the same way nor performed the same functions in European nation-states. In Europe, state bureaucracies have operated the licensing and control procedures resulting in closer connections between professions and states in professionalization processes. For a period in the development of the sociology of professions as an intellectual field, professions were severely criticized In the 1970s and 1980s, professions were condemned by academics for their self-interest and market protectionism. In the 1980s, radical governments successfully challenged professions and promoted deregulation, increased competition, free markets and customer sovereignty.