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Introduction: Vascular calcification (VC), which is a pathological process of abnormal calcium and phosphorus deposition in blood vessels, valves, heart and other tissues, is highly prevalent and predicts mortality in dialysis patients. Its mechanisms are complex and unclear. We presume that intermedin (IMD), a kind of small molecule active peptide, may play roles in VC in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aims to evaluate serum IMD levels and establish their relation to VC and other parameters in HD patients. Methods: A total of 116 patients on maintenance HD treatment and 52 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Serum IMD levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). VC was evaluated by abdominal aortic calcification scores. Results: Serum IMD levels were significantly lower in HD patients than in controls [24.89 (13.55, 50.24) pg/ml vs. 137.79 (93.21, 201.64) pg/ml, P < 0.0001]. In addition, IMD was negatively correlated with the serum phosphate level (P = 0.036) in HD patients. However, compared with the group whose IMD levels were above the median, patients with IMD levels less than the median had a lower incidence of VC (P = 0.031). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that serum IMD levels more than 24.89 pg/ml (P = 0.014, OR = 0.285), higher serum iPTH levels (P < 0.0001, OR = 1.093) and older age (P = 0.009, OR = 1.003) were significant independent determinant factors for VC in HD patients. Conclusion: The serum IMD levels were significantly lower in HD patients than that in healthy group. In addition to higher PTH levels and older age, compensatory elevated IMD levels may be an independently determinant factor for VC in HD patients. This was the first study about IMD and VC in dialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]