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This study aimed to determine the best method for reducing HCN levels of mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lamk.) flour and analyze mangrove flour's chemical properties. This study used a completely randomized design with a treatment level, namely boiling with water for 30 minutes at 100°C, immersion in distilled water, immersion in 0.8 M NaOH solution, immersion in KOH solution 0.8 M, immersion in 0.8 M Na2CO3 solution, and immersion in 0.8 M Na2HPO4 solution. All immersion treatments were carried out at room temperature for 24 hours. The experimental parameters included HCN, ash, moisture, lipid, carbohydrate and protein contents. The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the treatments that were tried to reduce HCN levels could also be used for mangrove fruit flour. The boiling treatment that is usually carried out by the community in Tual, Southeast Maluku is more effective when compared to other treatments in an effort to reduce HCN levels. There were also differences in the chemical characteristics of the mangrove flour with the various techniques that were tried. Boiling treatment for 30 minutes showed the highest reduction (84.14%) with HCN levels of 1.95 mg/kg. The characteristics of mangroves with the lowest levels of HCN were: 14.17% ash content, 12.08% moisture content, 0.51% lipid content, 67.76% carbohydrate content, and 3.64% protein content.

In 2014, the project preparation for Coral Reef Management (Coremap) CTI claim that mangrove at Selayar was approximately 676.7 hectares distributed at 15 villages. Tambolongan at Bontosikuyu district was the largest area of about 132 hectares. These values extracted using Landsat imageries based on visual and composite image classification. Since Sentinel 2A launched in 2015, the use of this satellite imagery has spread widely in ecosystem monitoring due to its higher spatial, spectral and temporal resolution and mostly because it is free to access. Nevertheless, field sampling is still needed to crosscheck the final result. Since 2015 three mangrove locations at Selayar island monitored annually. By 2018, two new locations at Pasi island added. In 2019 three sites added at two different islands, so now a total nine mangrove station covering the whole Selayar islands. Nine species of mangroves were found by the end of 2019 monitoring, which are Avicennia alba, A. officinalis, A. marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, R. stylosa, Cerios tagal, and Sonneratia alba. Spectral image characterization by using 12 bands of Sentinel 2A shows that most of these mangroves had peak reflectances at 783 and 865 nanometer, and the highest reflectance are lower than 0.45. These findings may contribute to better spatial identifications for mangrove monitoring and also the consequences to the revision of previous information extracted from Landsat imageries.

Mangrove derived endophytic fungi are particular interest because they constitute the second-largest environmental group of marine fungi and are adapted to extreme conditions, which make them a rich source for novel metabolite and enzyme discovery. Especially the bioactivities of endophytic fungi from mangrove’s fruits have not been explored yet. We took our samples from The Segara Anakan lagoon which is situated at the southern coast of Central Java. The mangrove forest is semi-enclosed because there were Nusa Kambangan Island and its connection to the Indian Ocean. The endophytic fungus from 4 species mangrove’s fruits which are Acacia mangium Wild, Avicennia alba Blume, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam have been isolated, and antioxidant analysis have been done. Its resulted that the extract from endophytic fungi isolated from Bruguiera gymnorhiza showed the highest antioxidant activities among others even though the extract yield showed the opposite. From profiling of secondary metabolite from endophytic fungi extract, we obtained data that the extract contained Cyclohexane, 1-hexadecanol, 1H-Indene as and farnesene that might be contributed to antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract from isolated fungi from Bruguiera gymnorhiza fruits

Lindur (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) is a plant that contains bioactive sources for antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors. The α-glucosidase inhibitors are inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme involved in digestion in the intestine. This study aimed to determine and select the potential inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme from the crude extract of lindur by in vitro. This research was carried out through several studies that involved multilevel extraction. testing α-glucosidase inhibitors from crude extracts of lindur root. Fractionated from active extracts of lindur used thin layer chromatography (TLC) & preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). and combined compositions bioactive from the most active fraction. The highest yield was obtained from root ethanol extract which was 4.68. Ethanol extract of stem and root bark had an activity of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors calculated by IC50 values 171.31 ppm and 153.07 ppm. The fractionation results used preparative (PTLC) showed 5 fractions in crude ethanol root extract. Fraction 1 with Rf 0.15 had the most potential activity of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors (161.05 ppm). Identification chemical composition used by Gas Chromatography Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the composition contained in the fraction 1 of the root ethanol extract mostly (similar to> 90%) was hexadecanoic acid or palmitic acid and phenol.

Various types of mangrove plants found in coastal areas have a specific strategy to deal with pollution conditions from heavy metals. One of the several strategies used by mangroves is by accumulating various kinds of heavy metals in various parts of the tree. Most species of mangroves such as Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Bruguiera gymnorhyza and others apply this strategy. Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata are pioneer mangrove species that are able to accumulate heavy metals in the roots, stems and leaves. These species are also act as indicator of the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems. The presence of heavy metals will reduce water quality subsequently will decline the overall condition of the ecosystem. How big is the ability of Avicenia marina and Rhizopohora mucronata mangroves to absorb copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) metals and how the conditions of the aquatic environment surrounding mangroves during heavy metal stress are need to be studied. Analysis of Cu and Pb heavy metals contents were carried out at the Chemistry Laboratory of the USU Medan Pharmacy Faculty. The mangrove species used for the analysis of Cu and Pb heavy metals were A.marina and R. mucronata that grew in Muara Sungai coastal areas from April to August 2018. The results showed heavy metal content of Cu was greater than Pb in wire roots, stems and leaves of A. marina trees. Analysis of roots, leaves and bark of R. mucronata also found greater content of Cu heavy metals than Pb.

Milkfish Nugget is a processed fish product using minced milkfish. The ingredients of making nuggets milkfish are flour and spices. However, flour tends to absorb a lot of oil during the frying process. Lindur fruit flour is a semi-finished material which contains hydroxyl and amylopectin groups that can possibly be used as a solution to the problem. The concentration of lindur flour added to each treatment are 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The tests were carried out by testing the fat content of milkfish nuggets and organoleptic. The results revealed that the addition of lindur flour significantly affect the fat content (p

This research aims to know the texture profile of the bread produced from composite flour consisting of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza flour (BGF) and wheat flour. Two loaves of bread were prepared using 90% wheat flour and 10% substituted BGF. The dough had the following composition (Table 1). The fermentation of the dough took 15 minutes in a fermenter, and it was then kneaded twice, where each kneading was done until the dough did not stick to the side of the container. The dough was then put into the oven at 170-180°C for 45 min. A Hedonic test was carried out by 30 non-trained panelists. The texture profile was determined using a Strength measurement method and a Texture Analyzer (Imada, Japan).Bread containing 10% (w/w) BGF in this study had a higher customer preference than the control (white bread). Therefore, this substituted bread was more consumed by the people. In this study, substituted white bread had a higher textural profile value compared to white bread, although not significantly. This difference is due to the differences in the physicochemical properties of each flour used.