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This study reveals temperature regimes of the three contrasting ecosystems in the permafrost area of Western Transbaikalia: meadow-forest ecosystem, forest-steppe and dry-steppe. Annual profile temperature data show the functioning of the studied soils in cryogenic and long-term-seasonally-freezing temperature regime. The most explanatory temperature variables are temperature penetration above 5°C at 100 cm depth and the amount of days with temperature above 0.5°C and 10°C at 20 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm depths. Also, this work presents a comparative analysis of indicators of soil climate change and shows the spatial-temporal distribution of the reaction of the thawing and freezing depth in soils.

The Capacity Design Method is an approach widely used to design earthquake resistant structures. It allows the structures to dissipate earthquake energy by forming plastic hinges through beam side sway mechanism. In the design process, the columns need to be designed stronger than the beams connected to them. Several previous studies have been conducted to propose alternative method allowing partial side sway mechanism namely the Partial Capacity Design (PCD) Method. In this method, selected columns are designed to remain elastic and the plastic hinges are allowed to occur only at the columns base. These columns are designed to resist increased forces. Despite of some successful attempts, PCD method still needs to be developed because sometimes the intended mechanism was not observed. This study proposes a new approach to improve the Partial Capacity Design (PCD) method. Symmetrical 6 and 10 story buildings with 7 bays are analyzed using seismic load for city of Surabaya. Structure behavior under non-linear static analysis is well predicted by this approach. However, under non-linear dynamic analysis, a few unexpected plastic hinges of elastic columns were observed at upper stories. But it should be noted that the earthquake used for performance analysis (maximum considered earthquake) is 50% larger than the one used for design (earthquake level corresponding to elastic design response spectrum).

Hadley Cells are thermally driven cell in the tropics. On its occurrence, these cells are strongly influenced by the sea surface temperature (SST) distribution across the tropical ocean or the Pacific Ocean as the investigated location in this study. The SST shifting in the Pacific Ocean is mainly due to the ENSO. An opposite SST polarity between the western and eastern Pacific Ocean are captured during ENSO events. This means that ENSO could trigger an anomalous regional Hadley Cells that behave oppositely between Indonesia or the western Pacific and the eastern Pacific. This study examines the strength of the regional Hadley Cells related to the ENSO event across the Indonesian region and the Pacific Ocean. A significant correlation between the Hadley Cells and ENSO as the tropical climate variability in the Pacific Oceans are found. The strength of the Hadley Cells associated with ENSO event is examined by using the zonally average vertical velocity across the Pacific Ocean. During La Nina, the regional Hadley Cells over Indonesia or the western Pacific strengthened, whereas the regional cells over the eastern Pacific weakened. In contrast, during El Nino where the warm pool shifted to the eastern Pacific, the regional cell in the eastern Pacific strengthened, while the cell over the western Pacific weakened. These anomalous conditions clearly show that the meridional temperature gradient is strongly affecting the regional Hadley Cells strength. The stronger the meridional temperature gradient, the stronger the regional Hadley Cells.

An analysis of chemical element distribution in technozems of tailing dumps of the lead-zinc deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia is carried out. The potential toxicity of tailing mine technozems was calculated. A comparative analysis of the toxic element concentrations in the technozems of the lead-zinc deposit tailing dumps has revealed significant differences in the concentrations of toxic elements. It was found that the highest concentrations of toxic elements of the first class of hazard (As, Pb, Zn, and Cd) are characterized by the technozems of the Blagodatsky Deposit, while the lowest concentrations by those of the Khapcheranginsky Deposit. It has been established that the greatest ecological hazard is posed by the tailing dump of the Blagodatsky lead-zinc deposit, whereas a significantly smaller one by tailing dumps of the Khapcheranginsky and Novo-Shirokinsky deposits.

The spatial pattern of species is an important feature to understand why these species coexist and remain in position or not, and using the single Ripley function and the L(r) function, we analyzed the spatial pattern of types of broad-leaf tree and tree covers and the needles for mixed brawls in the forests of Mount Gara, using PASSAGE V.2, L(r) analysis of the species under study showed a variation in the pattern distribution of trees and gave the highest percentage of random form distribution pattern with a cluster pattern of 11.25%, Through the ratios and forms of distribution of the L(r) function of the various samples of the study, we find that these stands generally tend to be regular, indicating that these species remain at the end of the life cycle in the structure of a more stable stand.

We present the result of morphostratigraphic analysis and geological field observation to identify the distribution of scoria flow deposit related to the caldera-forming eruption of Lautan Pasir caldera as the youngest caldera in Bromo-Tengger caldera complex. Morphostratigraphic analysis derived from digital elevation model and volcanic stratigraphy shows that products of Lautan Pasir caldera-forming eruption(s) mainly distributed to the north filled up the Sapikerep valley, and further to the north formed Sukapura distal fan. While to the south, it filled the valley between Ijo and Old Semeru. Field observation in the deeply dissected part of Sapikerep valley found two massive pyroclastic flow deposits separated by lava flow. Above the lava flow is scoria rich pyroclastic flow deposit typical of Lautan Pasir caldera-forming eruptions. Below the lava flow is scoria poor pyroclastic deposit of older products, most likely, of Ngadisari caldera. The distribution of Ngadisari caldera-forming eruption products is very limited considering the following massive volcanism of Lautan Pasir caldera. This outcrop might provide the key information to further reconstruct the volcanism stage of Bromo-Tengger caldera complex

The object of the study is the ecosystem of the Novosibirsk reservoir, which is the largest in Western Siberia. The work is aimed at studying the mechanism of the water quality formation. In limnology, it is usually believed that relatively small and low-flow parts of reservoirs are more susceptible to eutrophication, where water warms up better and phytoplankton biomass is more abundant. In the central part of the Novosibirsk reservoir, the opposite effect is regularly observed. The novelty of the study is in simulation of ecological processes in different aquatories of the Novosibirsk reservoir based on reproduction of biogeochemical cycles for limiting elements. The paradox of phytoplankton development in this reservoir is explained by the peculiarity of hydrothermal processes, which was shown by modeling.

On September 28, 2018, the Palu-Koro fault released the accumulated stress that caused the earthquake. An earthquake with magnitude 7.5 caused large and massive damage around Palu. There were many aftershocks along the Palu-Koro fault. This research aims to calculate a model of spatial Coulomb stress based on this event to find a correlation between mainshock and the aftershocks. The slip distribution was used as an input of the spatial stress Coulomb modeling to increase the accuracy. We use the Teleseismic Body-Wave Inversion method to calculate slip distribution along the fault plane. As a result, this earthquake was generated by the Palu-Koro fault movement with Mw 7.48, strike 350°, dip angle 67°, and rake -9°. There are three asperity zones along the fault plane located in the north and southern parts of the fault plane. The location of the most energy discharge is in the south asperity zone of the fault plane model with a maximum slip value of 1.65 meters. The spatial Coulomb stress change of this event shows that aftershocks concentration are in areas experiencing increased stress after the earthquake.

One of the efforts to control the forest and land fire disasters which affect on the biomass burning haze is fire hotspots monitoring. Biomass burning haze in Southeast Asia (SEA) has become a recurring annual issue. This study aims to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of fire hotspots along SEA, so that it can serve as guidance for efforts to control them. The hotspot data used is derived from NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) MODIS sensors which is collected from 2001-2020. Spatial analysis of the re-gridded data shows the highest burning activities over SEA occurred in Feb-Apr, with >2000 fire events in the Indo-China area and >1000 fire events in Sumatra and Borneo. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) was performed on monthly total hotspot data for 228 months for determining dominant patterns spatially and temporally. Based on the EOF analysis results, the three major modes have achieved a total variance of 71 %. The first mode (EOF1) explains 65 % of the total variance. The second (EOF2) and third (EOF3) modes account for 3.60 % and 2.97 % of the total variance respectively. The first and the third principal component identified high loadings over the Indo-China and Sumatra-Borneo regions respectively. Whereas the second principal component separates the fire areas into China and Indo-China region. Inter-annual pattern is dominant in the EOF1, while the inter-seasonal pattern is dominant in EOF2 and EOF3. ENSO, IOD, and MJO are factors that influence the pattern of the determined principal components. The result of this study provides general understanding on how the fire events varied over the past two decades in SEA.

The area of Sulawesi, especially along the Palu Koro Fault, is an area that is largely influenced by the confluence and movement of plates as well as regional fault activity pathways with high levels of seismicity. Determining the location of the hypocenter accurately through relocation is required in identifying the detailed tectonic structures in the area. Relocation of the hypocenter using the Modified Joint Hypocenter Determination (MJHD) method using the IASP91 velocity model in the period August to October 2018 with the arrival time data from BMKG catalog. The results of hypocenter relocation using the MJHD method show that from 132 earthquake distribution points to 63 earthquake hypocenter points after the relocation. The change in the location of the hypocenter was much denser along the Palu Koro Fault route than before the relocation as evidenced by the mean value of rms (root mean square) before relocation was 1.31 and after relocation it became smaller (0.61). Changes in parameter values after relocation using the MJHD method caused the distribution of the earthquake hypocenter to be tighter towards the Palu Koro fault than before the relocation, where the distribution had a random and scattered pattern.

Overlay studies with geographic information systems (GIS) are usually only to describe the condition of land elevation points, and various situations in land use. The purpose of this study was to analyze the intensity of noise in various types of land use and visualization of noise distribution maps. The research method uses a mathematical and overlay approach. The results showed that the average traffic flow was 1931 veh/h with a composition of motorcycle 61%, light vehicle 35%, and heavy vehicle 4%. Traffic noise level on Tuesday is 75.2 dB, while on Sunday it is 75.5 dB. There is no significant difference in noise intensity on Tuesday and Sunday at Ahmad Yani, MT. Haryono, Sao-Sao, and Abunawas Street. On Tuesday the highest noise level occurs in front of the education area while on Sunday in front of the shopping area. The intensity of noise distribution that reaches the highest land use occurs in the shopping area, followed by the office area, and the lowest in the school area. This is due to the increase in distance from the roadside.

Pandeglang Regency is an area prone to earthquakes because in the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate in the Sunda Strait. This study analyses the average and maximum values of the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) got from earthquakes in the period 2000 to 2020 around Pandeglang Regency with the calculation method. Gutenberg-Richter with the Richter formula combined with the intensity attenuation formula which is a function of magnitude, epicentre distance, and earthquake intensity. From the maximum PGA data, the lowest value is 273 gals, and the highest is 427.5 gals. Meanwhile, for the distribution of the average PGA value, the minimum value is 54 gals, and the maximum value is 67 gals. From the PGA data, the maximum distribution of the highest PGA value is in the center of Pandeglang Regency, and the lowest value of the PGA maximum is in the northern and southern parts of Pandeglang Regency. The PGA value is potentially damaging at the VII MMI scale, where the area with the highest vulnerability is in the sub-district Angsana, Munjul, Panimbang, and Sidangresmi with the highest PGA scores, so this sub-district has the highest risk than other districts.

The elliptic cavity tube absorber is used in the parabolic trough solar collectors to increase the optical efficiency and decrease the thermal loss. But the non-uniform heat flux distribution on the tube receiver will cause non-uniform temperature distribution, thus leading to asymmetric thermal stress and deformation of the tube receiver. In this paper, the geometric as well as thermal parameters of the elliptical cavity tube receiver are analysed through numerical simulation. The temperature distribution of the tube receiver in the single-phase liquid zone, viz. the water zone and the vapour zone, is analysed. It is found from this study that there are two extreme temperature areas in the elliptical cavity tube receiver. When the major semi-axis of the elliptical cavity is 63mm, the maximum temperature of the water zone is the largest, which occurs at (-35mm, 0mm) of the tube receiver. When the major semi-axis of the elliptical cavity is 67mm, the maximum temperature appears at (-9mm, 0mm) in the vapour zone, and the minimum temperature rise appears at (-13.88mm, 0mm).

With the rapid growth of China’s urban population, the construction of its urban transportation network will be more vigorous than ever. The influence of road traffic noise on urban residential areas has become increasingly prominent. However, most of the current research is limited to the analysis of the flat sound field, leaving the research on high-rise residential vertical sound not so detailed. This study aims to find out the vertical sound field distribution law of traffic noise to high-rise buildings on the sides of the road. We monitored the environmental traffic noise effects in a high-rise residential area in Zhejiang Province and established a high-rise residential model in the SoundPLAN Software to simulate the vertical sound field distribution of traffic noise. The law is that the value rises sharply to the peak in the range of 0-7F (23.0m) then decreases slowly as the height increases. We also made a linear analysis of the noise data to arrive at a linear regression equation. This study provides a new way of taking noise prevention and control into consideration in high-rise housing. Special attention must be given to the isolation of traffic noise on floors by selecting soundproof doors and well-functioning windows. This strategy of creating a high-quality sound environment in a residential area can be put forward to improve people’s lifestyle and environment.

Peninsular Malaysia is being distributed into three parallel belts (Western, Central and Eastern). Kelantan is one of the states in Peninsular Malaysia and consider as a unique territory to have all three belts (Western, Central and Eastern). Each belts divided into several formations which are Western Belt (Main Range Granite), Central Belt (Jeli Granite, Kemahang Granite, Noring Granite, Kenerong Leucogranite, Berangkat Tonalite and Senting Granite) and Eastern Belt (Boundary Range Granite). Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are usually concentrated related to the alkaline – peralkaline, carbonalite igneous rocks, as well as sedimentary rocks. Granitoid and some intrusive volcanic rocks are widely exposed in Malaysia, as well as Kelantan state. REEs are relatively abundant in the Earth crust, however these elements are rarely concentrated in the mineable ore deposit. There are a lot of research about granitoids, but very limited studies about the distribution of the REE. The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution of REEs in different type of granitoid rocks in Kelantan. For this purpose, 15 samples were selected and analysed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Result shows that, distribution of light REEs in all samples up to 78% and heavy REE up to 22% with total value 5350.69 ppm and 1491.27 ppm respectively. Surprisingly, Jeli Granite formation (LT15) is high potential of REE among the samples tested with total REE 3164.93 ppm and Kemahang Granite (JD18) is least potential with total REE 31.95 ppm. The granitoid distribution can be found widely in Kelantan with special characteristic and detailed study about mineral composition will help identifying the REE potential as well as generate more relatable study about genesis and nature of rocks in Malaysia.

Energy Reducing Structure (ERS) is aimed at controlling the flow velocity that causes scouring on the main abutment structure of the bridge from its structural failure. It is needed information on the measurement of flow velocity and other parameters of flow, particularly in analyzing the friction velocity and shear stress on the channel bed to identify the effects of ERS placement on the scouring around the abutment area. The experiment was performed in a flume/channel with a length of 8.00 m, a width of 0.40 m, and a height of 0.40 m. The slope of the channel was 0.05% and 0.15%. The type of flow was uniform turbulent flow, using 3 (three) variation of inlet discharge (Q), with and without Energy Reducing Structure (ERS) in the form of a triangular plate with its height determined based on the average maximum rate of 0.6D from the average water surface of 0.06 m from the channel bed. In measuring the distribution of flow velocity with structure, the measurement was conducted in the upstream and downstream areas of the structure, where the structure was placed at x distance of = 4.00 m. Each measurement was performed at the distance of x = 3.50 m ; x = 4.25 m ; x = 4.50 m ; x = 5.00 and x = 5.50 m. The analysis of friction velocity follows the logarithmic law (log-low) applicable to the open channel. The results of the experiment showed that the smallest friction velocity value (u*) was on average happened at x distance = 4.25 m – x = 4.50 m ranging from 0.70 cm/sec – 1.37 cm/sec, as the friction velocity was decreasing. On the other hand, however, the constant of integration (Br) showed great values ranging from 19.27 – 48.79, which implied that the flow rate after passing ERS had the flow velocity beyond the normal range and it would be back to normal after moving away from ERS.

Land stability is one of the main determining factors for the bearing capacity of the environment. The land stability is influenced by the condition and characteristics of the resources in the environment. The supply capacity in terms of the level of land stability for spatial use allocation has been based on the capacity of land for agriculture and the physical aspects of the land. It accordance with the local regulation i.e. no. 17 of 2009. Land stability includes the ability of land for agriculture and the physical aspects of land, as well as the stratigraphy of subsurface soil mass, especially geological characteristic. The research was conducted in Semarang City Indonesia by drilling and standard penetration test (SPT) and taking 448 undisturbed samples (UDS’s) of soil that scattered in the research area. Analysis of UDS’s have been carried out in the laboratory to obtain comparisons with SPT values in determining the level of land stability both vertically and horizontally. Soil types obtained are clay, silt, silt-sand, sand, and sand stone with a level of consistency and density in accordance with the measured SPT. Land stability values ranged from 0.201 kg/cm2-14.248 kg/cm2 covering all types of soil with different consistencies and density. The distribution of land stability is given in an infographic to get an overview of the land stability levels geographically at a depth of 2.5m, 5.0m, 7.5m, and 10.0m. This infographic can be useful for spatial evaluation, engineering guidance, and environmental research in Semarang City, Indonesia.

In this study, a set of experiments were carried out in a 21-story full-scale building varying stairwell ventilation state to investigate the fire behavior and smoke temperature distribution in the stairwell. Results demonstrate that the ventilation state of top vents has a great influence on the fire behavior and smoke temperature distribution than the bottom vents. The flame inclines to the stairwell with top vents open during the steady stage, while with top vents closed, it just tilts slightly to the side wall. The mass loss rates and temperature attenuations with top vents closed are larger than those with top vents open. In addition, the open of bottom vents can cause a reduction in the smoke temperature. These unique full-scale experiments provide crucial experimental data that help the design of safer smoke ventilation systems for stairwells in a high-rise building.

An android application for tractor system information, namely GIS Tractor, was launched recently. As a new application, it needs usability testing as a part of an assessment. Usability level can affect the ease of use of an application. This study was conducted to measure the acceptability of GIS Tractor based on USE questionnaire evaluation (Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of Use). Online questionnaires are used as a research instrument constructed as five-point Likert rating scales to rate a set of statements. The results showed that GIS Tractor had met the five aspects of usability testing. The use of the GIS tractor android application can assist the user in locating the distribution of tractor within Maros Regency faster than the manual system.

For the sake of solving the problem that it is difficult to dynamically monitor the wellbore temperature and pressure of hydrocarbon gas injection well and accurately predicting the bottom hole injection pressure, a mathematical model to describe wellbore temperature and pressure distribution is presented according to the heat transfer principle, the energy conservation law and the momentum theorem. The Shiu-Beggs wellbore temperature calculation method is used in this model to avoid errors caused by inaccurate thermodynamic parameters, and the pressure gradient equation is modified by introducing correction coefficients to improve the calculation precision of the model in practice. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the model, and the new model was analyzed and verified by actual field data. The results show that the wellbore temperature is nonlinearly distributed, while the wellbore pressure is linearly distributed, and the bottom hole pressure calculated by this model is more accurate than that calculated by other methods. This study can play a certain guiding role for the injection scheme design of hydrocarbon gas injection well.

On October 29, 2015, Xi Jinping’s speech at the Second Plenary Session of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. The new development concept conforms to my country’s national conditions and conforms to the requirements of the times. In the development of the port and shipping industry, green shipping is becoming a new trend in the development of the port and shipping industry. The adjustment of the transportation structure of the port collection and distribution system is an important aspect of green shipping. The “Railway to Railway” policy aims to improve the comprehensive transportation network through government intervention and market guidance. By optimizing the transportation structure, reducing road transportation and increasing railway transportation, more goods are transferred from road transportation to railway, thereby promoting the adjustment of transportation structure, to achieve the goal of green sustainable development and a strong transportation country. Promoting the implementation of the “Railway Transfer” policy is actually related to the implementation of the structural reforms on the supply side of transportation, and is an important guarantee for the sustained and healthy development of my country’s economy.

The EVAP-COND software was used to simulate 8 different refrigerant circuitry of the three-row tube heat exchanger under different superheat and outlet saturation temperature conditions. The influence of different refrigerant circuitry on the heat transfer performance of the evaporator was explored. And the influence of superheat and outlet saturation temperature on the evaporator and its changing law were analyzed and discussed. The results show that: Cross arrangement facilitated heat transfer. The dual-flow solution was better than the single-flow solution. And countercurrent arrangement was conducive to heat exchange. The best solution was g, and the worst solution was a. Under the conditions of this study, the heat transfer of curve g was 44.78% and 36.20% higher than curve a, respectively.

In this study Bianchi-III universe for perfect fluid under effect of the cosmological constant is investigated. The complicated system of field’s equations are resolved in the existence of conservation condition of energy-momentum and a relativistic relation among metric potential is assumed i.e. b = c k . here k ` 1 is a constant. The dynamical features of the constructed model are also pointed

Corbicula fluminea is one of the freshwater bivalves, which is small in size and lives in the river or at the bottom of the lake all over Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak. Corbicula fluminea comes in different outer shell colour for different sites. The differences in outer shell colour are believed to be due to substrates composition, and land uses. Thus, to determine the distribution of Corbicula fluminea in Sabah and Sarawak and to determine the influence of river substrates and land uses on the outer shell colour of Corbicula fluminea, a survey was conducted in the selected area involving Sabah and Sarawak. The method utilized was by obtaining information from the villagers through informal conversational interview, observations, and followed by collecting the samples at the river using a special tool. The coordinate of each place where the sample was taken was recorded using the Garmin model GPSmap 62. Meanwhile, the digital calliper was used to measure shell height (H) and length (L). Statistical analysis of the chi-square test has been used to determine the relationship between the considered categorical variables in this study. Results indicate that the state of Sarawak has an irrigation canal that provides irrigation to the paddy field and one river, namely Sarawak Kanan River, which contains C. fluminea. As for Sabah, C. fluminea was found in 2 irrigation canals that also provide irrigation to paddy fields and 2 rivers, namely Tempasok River in Kota Belud and Kinarut River in Papar. Meanwhile, from the chi-square test result clearly shows that the outer shell colour of the C. fluminea depends on the type of substrate and landuse but not influenced by the location neither by zone nor the area such as urban, suburban or rural at the significant level of 0.05. This data is expected to be used by the authorities responsible for finding the conservation and restoration methods to ensure that C. fluminea does not disappear from the state of Sabah and Sarawak. This study could also help to ensure that the source of income for traditional fishermen who depend on C. fluminea is not affected.

The authors discuss the simulation model of a sliding valve distributor enabling adjustment of capabilities of hydraulic percussion devices. The paper presents the theoretical oscillograms of the valve characteristics and the plots of change in the valve mode versus the valve parameters.

Subways as places of stay of many people are imposed with higher standards of microclimate at platforms and in tunnels, including the dust criterion. To reduce dust concentrations in tunnel air to MAC values, the authors suggest installation of filters at ventilation connections nearby platforms. Aimed to find operational parameters of the filtering facilities, the authors determine the air velocities at ventilation connections. An original approach is proposed to the air distribution analysis using circular models as they considerably diminish the subway test area size without the loss of the computational accuracy and reduce the computation time.

The dynamic stress simulation and experiment of the 21kV equivalent prototype of the 500kV current limiter high coupled split reactor are researched in this paper. A calculation model of dynamic stress of 21kV equivalent prototype of 500kV current limiter high coupled split reactor is established by using finite element simulation software, and the dynamic stress distribution is analysed with the calculation results. Then the dynamic stability experiments of the single arm of the prototype and analysis of the experiment and simulation results are introduced. The results of simulation and experiment prove that both of the dynamic stability of the 21kV equivalent prototype and the 500kV current limiter high coupled split reactor meet the design requirement.

With the rapid development of social economy, it has brought serious environmental pollution problems. This thesis mainly summarizes the measurement methods of particle size and distribution of suspended particles. We have analyzed the relationship between scattering coefficient and concentration of different wavelengths at each scattering angle; the relationship between scattering coefficient and concentration of different scattering angles at each wavelength; and the relationship between scattering coefficient and wavelength of different concentrations at each scattering angle. The result shows that particle size and distribution of suspended particles can be accurately reversed when scattering angle is 15 degree, denoising factor is 200 and wavelength range is 450 nm-500 nm. The analysis can effectively filter out suspended particles in water, which is essential to resolve air pollution and purify water quality.

This paper discussed the economic incentives of the distribution cost distribution based on the Shapley value of cooperative game in the integrated energy service park for the optimization of the park’s power supply mode. The application of cooperative game in the distribution of power distribution costs gives an economic signal reflecting the difference in power supply to users in the park. In the concept of multiple solutions in cooperative game theory, the Shapley value determines the power flow contribution of each user to the power grid with its uniqueness, determines the user’s power distribution cost based on the power flow, and its economic background also clarifies the user’s responsibilities, and the user chooses differently. The power distribution costs borne by the power supply are also different, thereby promoting power supply optimization. The 5-node calculation example verifies the effectiveness of the distribution cost allocation based on the Shapley value for the economic incentive of power supply optimization.

This research obtains a model of the distribution of pollutants in a closed lagoon with inlet and outlet. The model is made and solved by the DuFort-Frankel scheme. This research produces a flow equation or stream function model on the closed lagoon, stated in the 2-D Laplace equation and pollutant distribution model using a 2-D advection-diffusion equation. The DuFort-Frankel numerical modeling was carried out in two different cases of pollutants injection, namely instantaneous and continuous injection on the closed lagoon, resulted that pollutants spreading in all directions and tend to flow toward the outlet of the lagoon. The Lax-Richtmyer equivalency theorem carries out the convergence analysis of the DuFort-Frankel scheme.

Surface well extraction is an important part of coalbed methane development in coal mine area. Taking the 1303 (lower) fully mechanized working face of Yuecheng coal mine as the research object, considering the characteristics of coal and rock accumulation in the three areas of goaf, this paper uses COMSOL numerical software to simulate and analyze the gas migration characteristics of the goaf where the surface wells are located along the strike and inclination of the working face. The results show that the gas concentration in goaf decreases gradually with the progress of drainage, and surface wells in different shaft location basically reach the balance in about 2000s. The shaft location of the surface well and the gas concentration in the upper corner are exponential function. In order to ensure the safety of coal production, the distance between the well distribution and the working face should be controlled within 240m, and close to the area near the return air lane. The research results provide a reference for the selection of surface well location.

The distribution and scale of charging piles needs to consider the power allocation and environmental adaptability of charging piles. Through the multi-objective optimization modeling, the heuristic algorithm is used to analyze the distribution strategy of charging piles in the region, and the distribution of charging piles is determined to meet the minimum consumption of charging path, and then the construction scale is determined according to the calculation of environmental fitness. The rationalization of charging pile distribution and construction scale can achieve the effective allocation of distribution and transmission.

To improve the catalytic efficiency of the microwave single-mode sintering furnace to heat the catalyst and the carrier to catalyse the oxidation of toluene, the SJ-1 microwave single-mode sintering furnace was modified to place a microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp in the resonant cavity. The distribution of pollutants in the reactor and the intensity of UV light were calculated by CFD and visualized. The distribution of UV field can be seen from the results of light field, which provides a scientific basis for the placement of catalyst and a reference for the simulation of UV field. Under the conditions of relative humidity of 50%, space velocity of 6336.93 h−1, input power of 392.8 W, bed height of manganese oxide catalyst is 30 mm, initial toluene concentration of 235.23 mg/m3, input power of 595.3 W, toluene conversion efficiency of 94%. It has certain guiding significance.

Reservoir compartment is one of the important influence factors of fluid flow in the reservoir, and it is of great significance to carry out the research on reservoir compartment understanding and characterization for the research and development of residual oil distribution in the middle and late stages of an oil field. However, how the reservoir compartment is distributed, the current method is mainly throughout open heads, rock hearts, logging, and other information to explain, but this method is limited to blocks. Because of this problem, we use the four-dimensional test well method to calculate the distribution of the oil deposit formation coefficient based on the test well pressure data, and then use pressure denoising technology to make the data smoother, and the resulting two-pair curve plate is clearer, the layout can be used to explain the distribution of the compartments in the work area. This method requires only test pressure data and is suitable for multiple workspaces. This is of great guiding significance to the development of sea-phase sandstone inter-layer reservoirs.

With the transformation of China’s agricultural development direction and the vigorous promotion of healthy green condiments, the demand for drying materials such as pepper powder, grain and fruit is increasing, while the traditional drying method is low in efficiency, long drying time, and materials are easy to be contaminated by sediment and various microorganisms. So this article use numerical method to simulate the heat pump drying room air distribution, by changing the internal disturbance conditions, different drying stage and the different initial conditions, characteristics of flow field inside the drying room changes, buoyant jet is analyzed in different initial velocity, initial temperature and the effect of flow field characteristics of Chinese prickly ash drying room; The purpose is to provide theoretical support and design guidance for the design of the hot pump-type pepper drying room.

Matuta (Moon Crab) belongs to superfamily of Calappoidae which inhabit the sandy beach area. There are four species of Matuta which can be found in Indonesia, one of them is Matuta Purnama. The latest report, despite Indonesia, has long coastlines, showed that the distribution area of this species is only in Batu Karas Beach, Pangandaran Regency. This study reported the new distribution areas of M. Purnama in Indonesia. The organism samples were collected using the purposive sampling method in 21 sampling sites and preserved in 96% of alcohol solution. The identification process were conducted based on Lai and Galil, 2007. There were four new distribution area of M. Purnama, which are Panjang Beach (west coast of South Sumatra), Bayah Beach, Karanghawu Beach, and Pangandaran Beach (south coast of Java). In other sampling sites, M. purnama have not been found, but the other Matutas pecies, M. victor, and M. planipes were found. This situation might be influenced by many factors, such as season and sea current, etc. This study was expected to be useful for conservation and management.

A field experiment was conducted at AL-Diwaniyah city during the 2019-2020 winter seasons, to study the effect of the fertilizer combination of NPK and the distribution of plants on some growth, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to determine the most appropriate amount of fertilizer combination and plant distance between plants. The experiment was arranged in split plot design based on RCBD, with three replications. Main plot included four levels of fertilizer combination are (F1, F2, F3, and F4), and sub plot included five plant distances as follows (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5). The results showed a significant effect of the fertilizer combination. The treatment F4 gave the highest mean in plant height was 151.50 cm, seed yield per 118.6 g, total seed yield 4.89 tons. h−1, biological yield 15.15 tons. h−1 while for day to 75% flowering the treatment of F1 which was 153.95 day. As for the plants distribution, the treatment D1 which gave the highest mean in plant height was 157.00 cm, total seed yield 5.56 tons. h−1 and biological yield 19.94 ton.h−1, the treatment D5 gave highest mean of seed yield per plant was 145.70 g. For the interaction between the treatment, the combination of (F4 × D5) showed significant differences for day to 75% flowering and seeds yield per plant which were (148.97 day, 186.30 ton.h−1) respectively, and the combination of (F3 × D1) showed a highest mean for the total yield and biological yield which was (6.21 and 22.04 ton.h−1).

The Silangkitang (SIL) geothermal system is a fault-controlled and liquid-dominated reservoir associated to a deep heat source. Geology data from recent development drilling and reservoir monitoring demonstrated that the high permeability is concentrated within zone between two strands of Great Sumatra Fault (GSF). These faults are major dextral strike slip system that cross the entire length of Sumatra Island. The fault distribution has been defined by integration and interpretation of tectonic geomorphology, surface geology, and well geology. The highest permeability is controlled by faults and fractures associated with localized releasing steps within west of main Tor Sibohi Fault (TSF). This paper outlines the indication of high permeability zone based on recent geology evaluation outcome.

Nanoparticles have received much recent attention in areas such as chemistry, physics, materials science, life sciences and engineering. Many physical and chemical methods have disadvantages such as high costs, the use of chemicals that are harmful to the environment and health. The green nanoparticle synthesis approach, using plant extracts as a capping agent of nanoparticles, is the right solution to produce nanoparticles that are effective and environmentally friendly. Micro and macroalgae in the use of nanoparticle synthesis are increasingly being developed. However, the use of Sargassum in chemical applications has not been fully explained, and there are still some drawbacks that must be overcome. Sargassum spp. biomass has been recognized as a natural, renewable, and cost-effective material to become a capping agent for nanoparticles. This review is a summary highlighting the potential of metal-Sargassum composite based materials as an alternative to biological protective activities, such as antibacterials. Synthesis and characterization of materials, key factors influencing material performance, and distribution of Sargassum in Indonesia are considered by the Government of Indonesia and investors in seeing opportunities to use Sargassum as an advanced material.

One of the most important solar concentrator among other concentrating collectors is the parabolic trough solar collector because of its successful application in solar electricity generation. This study investigated the influence of collector rim angles and non-uniform heat flux distribution boundaries on the inner heat transfer coefficients of an absorber tube for a parabolic trough solar collector. Laminar flow steady-state condition was considered where buoyancy effects were significant. Numerical simulation was conducted in ANSYS Fluent version 14.5. Sinusoidal non-uniform heat flux distributions boundary conditions were implemented via a user defined function in Fluent. It was established that the absorber tube-wall temperature rise with a rise in the collector rim angle and the circumferential span of non-uniform heat flux allocations limit. It was furthermore revealed that when buoyancy-driven secondary flow is present, the internal heat transfer coefficient increased more than twice advanced than the pure forced-convection case (i.e. no buoyancy effects), and representing heat transfer improvement due to secondary flow effects. Also, when buoyancy effects are present, the mean internal heat transfer coefficient improved as the heat flux intensity is increased, the collector rim direction and the circumferential span of the non-uniform heat flux distributions boundary. This study further discovered that the mean internal heat transfer coefficient became higher with a rise in the temperature of the absorber tube inlet flowing fluid.

This paper provides an overview about the visibility condition in an auditorium of Universitas Negeri Manado. As a place used for holding official meetings and numerous formal activities, it requires proportional light distribution. An experimental simulation about lighting system in auditorium is carried out based on data analysis using AutoCAD and Dialux. The simulation resulted paucity of light intensity and bleak radiance distribution which, based on Indonesian national standards, is noncompliance. Several methods of lighting adjustment are proposed: enlargement of exposure by replacing and setting glass material proportional to the incoming sunlight, adjustment of reflectance equipment in the vicinity, applying lightselves and setting light spots. Enlarging exposure and adjusting reflectance equipment permits 15% larger comfort area for user, based on DIALux simulation. Adjusting the use of solar control glass and lightselves at the aperture will reduce ablaze of light by up to 20%. Using LED reliably light offers magnificent brightness and providential low voltage.