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Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) can be used as raw material of biodiesel. Production of biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan generates shell as waste, that can be utilized as briquette material. During production process, adding binder for briquette is a must in order to create solid and hard shell Kemiri Sunan briquette. This study aims to find out the best ratio of binder (cassava starch) at the production of briquette. Kemiri Sunan was carbonized, grinded (mesh 30) and mixed with some binder ratios, then molded. The ratio of binder and Kemiri Sunan shell were 2:100, 4:100, 6:100, 8:100 and 10:100 (w/w). The study showed that binder ratio affected characteristic of Kemiri Sunan briquette. The best ratio was 6:100 with characteristics: moisture content was 5.5%, ash content was 6.6%, fixed carbon was 49.94%, calorific value was 6.372 cal/g and burning time was 101 min.

This study aimed to analyse the effect of carbonisation temperature and type of activating agent which were best to be used in the chemical activation process in the manufacture of activated carbon from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). The process of making activated carbon consisted of three stages, i.e. dehydration, carbonisation, and activation process. The experimental design was a randomised block design arranged as factorial with two factors, i.e. the first factor was variations of carbonisation temperature: 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C the second factor was the variations of activating agent type: ZnCl2, CaCl2, CH3COOH, and without activation. The results showed that carbonisation temperature and the type of activating agent had a significant effect on the characteristics of the activated carbon. The best results were achieved using CH3COOH as the activating agent at by the 500°C. The characteristics of the best-activated carbon consisted of 5.78% of ash content, 19.84% volatile matter content, 74.39% fixed carbon content, 1007.320 mg/g adsorption of iodine solution. The Brunauer – Emmett – Teller (BET) surface areas were up to 1110.87 m2/g and had a hollow surface structure, and open pores with a weight percentage atoms component of carbon reached 77.132%.

The most common environmental problems in Malaysia is increasing in solid waste generation. Solid waste generation and composition knowledge is compulsory as a benchmark for the decision making in managing municipal solid waste management strategy. The objective of this study was to measure solid waste generation and compare solid waste composition at cafeterias of UniMAP. Three different cafeterias had been chosen as a sampling location. Waste was sorted out into several components such as food waste, plastic, papers, metal, glass, and other types of waste. There is significance difference in data collection between the three locations where the organic waste was the main component in waste composition. Solid waste sampling and laboratory analysis were carried out based on random sampling method by using American Standard Test Method (ASTM) standards for proximate analysis (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon). Ultimate analysis which is C:N ratio was carried out. Results showed that total municipal solid waste generated during two weeks of collection at School of Manufacturing, Tuanku Tengku Fauziah Residential College (PFI 2) and Tan Sri Aisyah Ghani Residential College (KKTAG) were 459.9 kg (0.1452 kg/p/day), 709.0 kg (0.0292 kg/p/day) and 201.90 kg (0.0163 kg/p/day). Based on this information, a proper waste management can be introduced to treat organic waste such as food waste and paper including inorganic waste efficiently.

This study aims to correlate fixed carbon content using proximate analysis and calorific value analysis of the South Sulawesi Mallawa Formation coal. The study was conducted at two locations, namely in the Massenrengpulu Region of Bone Regency and Pujananting Region in Barru Regency. The research method used is the collection of field data each using the channel sampling method (ply by ply), which represents the lower layer, middle layer and upper layer. Then a proximate analysis is performed to obtain a fixed carbon content and an analysis of the calorific value. The results of the analysis show that, coal in the Pujananting area shows a correlation between the percentage of fixed carbon and the calorific value has a very good correlation with the linear regression value of 0.9994. Similar to the Mallawa Formation coal in the Massenrengpulu area, the correlation of fixed carbon content and calorific value shows a very good correlation with a linear regression value of 0.9998. An increase in the percentage of fixed carbon in coal will be followed by an increase of calorific value. This increasingly shows a very strong correlation between fixed carbon content and calorific value in coal.

The production of industrial wastes is increasing each year. Current methods of waste disposal are severely impacting the environment. Utilization of industrial wastes as an alternative material for fuel is gaining interest due to its environmental friendliness. Thus, the objective of this research was to study the optimum condition for fuel briquettes produced from wastewater sludge of the beer industry and biodiesel production wastes. This research is divided into two parts. Part I will study the effects of carbonization of brewery wastewater sludge for high fixed carbon. Part II will study the ratio between brewery wastewater sludge and bleaching earth for its high heating value. The results show that the maximum fixed carbon of 10.01% by weight was obtained at a temperature of 350 °C for 30 minutes. The appropriate ratio of brewery wastewater sludge and bleaching earth by weight was 95:5. This condition provided the highest heating value of approximately 3548.10 kcal/kg.

The effort to remove methylene blue in artificial solution had been conducted using adsorption process. The abundant banana stem waste was utilized as activated carbon precursor. This study aimed to analyse the influence of solution pH to removal efficiency of methylene blue using activated carbon from banana stem as adsorbent. Activated carbon from banana stem was obtained by chemical activation using H3PO4 solution. Proximate analysis result showed that the activated carbon has 47.22% of fixed carbon. This value exhibited that banana stem was a potential adsorbent precursor. Methylene blue solutions were prepared at initial concentration of 50 ppm. The influence of solution pH was investigated with the use of 0.2 g adsorbent for 100 mL dye solution. The adsorption was conducted using shaker with at a constant rate of 100 rpm at room temperature for 90 minutes. The results showed that solution pH influenced the adsorption. The activated carbon from banana stem demonstrated satisfying performance since removal efficiencies of methylene blue were higher than 99%.

Neem seed active substance extracted residues (NSASER) is industrial by-product, which is often discarded as a waste. It would lead to a certain degree of harm to the environment. The aim of this study was to prepare the biochars with neem seed active substance extracted residues (NSASER) under the anaerobic pyrolysis conditions. The pyrolysis process was studied with different pyrolysis power (200W, 500W, 800W, 1100W and 1400W), and the performance of the prepared biochars was evaluated. The results showed that the required time was to complete the pyrolysis process that gradually decreased with pyrolysis power increased from 200 to 1400 W, and the final pyrolysis temperature was to complete the pyrolysis process that increased with pyrolysis power increased from 200 to 1400 W. The biochars yield decreased with pyrolysis power increased from 200 to 1400 W, and the biochars yield has the maximum value when the pyrolysis power was of 200W. And the prepared biochars still had some characteristics of the plant cell and kept uniform porous structure, which was beneficial to absorb the small molecule substance. The water content of the prepared biochars was 7.18?0.53, the ash content of the prepared biochars was 5.92?0.31 and the fixed carbon content of the prepared biochars was 81.27?0.89. Compared with the bamboo charcoal, the performance index of the prepared biochars was in according with National Standard of the People's Republic of China GBT26913-2011 of the bamboo charcoal. The prepared biochars had a potential value in application.