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A crack is a whole or partial split of either concrete or masonry into two or more portions caused by breaking or fracturing in concrete constructions. The bulk of fractures is caused by external forces higher than what the structure or its components can sustain acting on it. The most typical sign of degradation in concrete buildings is cracking. Once the fractured system has been assessed, an appropriate repair method that considers these reasons may be chosen. Selecting the best crack repair method may produce results that endure for a very long time while saving you a lot of time, money, and effort. The causes of cracks and several strategies for healing them are covered in this paper.

The present work focuses on the comparison of the structural, optical and electrical properties nickel oxide thin films synthesized by hydrothermal and sol-gel methods and their characterizations. The films obtained from both methods are having a cubic crystal lattice. The morphological studies have shown that the films are having a uniform coverage with nanocrystalline grains. The NiO film obtained through the sol-gel method possess an optical band gap of 2.86 eV and its electrical resistance tends to decrease from 2.64GΩ to 11MΩ with an increase in temperature (RT to 150°C). The hydrothermally obtained film has an optical band gap of 3.14 eV and its electrical resistance change from 6.83GΩ to 3.86GΩ with an increase in temperature.

The scramjet engine plays a promising role for a successful future hypersonic flight system. The performance of scramjet system depends on many factors like mixing rate of fuel and air, proper flame stabilization mechanism and suitable injection system. The flame stabilization is provided by means of introducing a Cavity along the wall of the combustor. The cavity effects on the performance of supersonic combustion will be studied here with the help of three-dimensional combustor CFD model. The reliability of the numerical results obtained by using the computational approach depends on the proper validation of the CFD code with their corresponding experimental results. The corresponding experimental results from the literature will be identified and used here for the validation of the numerical code. The final CFD results after its validation with the experimental results will be presented in terms of x-y plots and contours for the discussion.

The aim of the research work is to find out factors affecting the road improvements for the roads adjacent to the bus terminus. Transport is the basic utility which serves for the people in the aspects of daily demand. The traffic existing around the core area of the city is usually high when compared with roads connecting city with highways. Bus transportation is the basic need for public transportation of a city. The demand of bus transportation increases day by day due to more usage of peoples migrates from various locations to the city area. The infrastructure development in bus terminus is still a big question mark whether the terminus improvement exists as per the increase in traffic capacity or not. The reason behind the analysis is that the improper arrangement of existing road furniture’s without any possibility for future expansion as per increase in demand. The solution for the traffic problem occurs around the bus terminuses was identified and the standards for the terminal elements were made. This helps the pedestrians and vehicles to make a smooth flow of traffic around the terminal area.

In order to study and investigate the overall performance of bio fluids for solar thermal applications, this work consists of integration of Taguchi method with Taguchi Grey Relational Analysis. The preparation of bio fluids has three levels of input control parameters such as Type of oil, Percentage of concentration and Stirrer speed. Output optimization indicators for the experiment were chosen as Thermal conductivity, Density and Viscosity. The comparative study made consists of coconut oil, sunflower oil and castor oil in the bio fluids preparation. These oils are available readily in the market and are quite inexpensive. The bio fluids are prepared by mixing the above oil with water in appropriate concentration. The experiment is run for the optimal solution using Taguchi analysis using L9 orthogonal array. The influential parameters which are significant in contributing the performance of bio fluids were studied using ANOVA table. After multi objective parametric optimization, the control parameters optimization level shows the use of Sunflower oil with 15% concentration at 15000 RPM stirrer speed produces the optimal performance. Based on the Ranking and Sum of squares from ANOVA table, it is evident that the most influential parameter is the type of oil followed by Percentage of concentration and Stirrer speed respectively.

Recent days there were lots of improvement and advancement have been done in the field of agriculture, but the sad thing is the large scale farmers always earns more than the small scale farmers when comparing its ratio. The project focuses on the growth of small scale farmers as equal to the growth of the large scale farmers in the field of agriculture in growing the palm trees. The palm trees usually grow in narrow dimensions and the time taken to harvest the crop nuts will be around 3 to 4 years. Total investment is based on the harvesting and the cost and machines to harvest the crop nuts were of huge amount and the small scale farmers struggle a lot and that leads to loss. Also there is a chance of losing the quantity of crop nuts when harvested from the top of the palm tree when all the nuts will be scattered and is wasted falls down on the ground. Therefore we thought of designing a product that can be operated by the by the farmer itself a user friendly and easy to handle, also we have focused on safe landing of the crop nuts from the top of the palm tree. This product completely works based on the mechanical concepts and designed with mechanical links. It is operated manually now; in the future it will be automated. This product will decrease the cost of harvesting and increase the profit for the small scale farmers to grow their ration as that of the large scale farmers. This will create a revolution in the field of crop harvesting which benefits lots of farmers to come up from their bad time to good time.

Agriculture cushions men and helps humans to lead a comfortable and convenient life. The main objective of this project is to enhance farm productivity in large scale farming and urban areas, it tends to solve the uncertain issues that are developing in urban agriculture by implementing human free automated agriculture. With the espousal of Artificial Intelligence in Auto Techno Farming (ATF) can lead to the development of advanced agricultural farming methods. We are presenting the concept of automated agriculture that is a track based farming technique for large area farming. Machine design is carried out in such a way that it receives a single command from the user, after which it assesses and analyses geographical conditions and begins to send the analysed data to the user. ATF is fully automated, which will assist to select the seeds by itself and sow the seed according to the optimal weather conditions in appropriate time. The challenging issue probably solved by ATF is, it sprays pesticide only to the required areas. In addition this provides multitudinous advantages such as, full automation, uses AI, weeding, harvesting and other farming techniques are done predominantly by itself. The project proposed above can be tested on agricultural fields with high precision. It makes a pristine beauty of agriculture and makes the survival of the man significant by ATFs. ATF serves as a milestone in the field of agriculture under emerging Environmental Engineering Technologies. The concept of Auto Techno farming is described with the design, simulation and circuits out of CATIA V5, Creo, MATLAB, Proteus 8.9 and Blender.

Mushroom cultivation nowadays mostly done as indoor cultivation. The yield of mushroom is lesser in conventional method. To improve the yield of mushroom, automation in mushroom cultivation is needed and can be achieved using smart electronic components. For cultivating and growing mushrooms, certain parameters like temperature, humidity, light intensity, CO2 level should be maintained at certain level. Depending upon the type of mushroom, these parameters should be changed. Mushroom needs a dark, cool, moist, and humid growing atmosphere. Many of them proposed Automatic mushroom cultivation, but cultivator didn’t achieve the required cooling. In order to solve the proposed problem, Peltier Air Conditioner with honey pad setup methodology is proposed in this paper. The main objective is to monitor and control the physical parameters automatically, those are essentially needed to be in control round the clock for the efficient cultivation of mushroom.

This study effort contracts with measuring the flame temperature in the combustion chamber along with a scheme to monitor the temperature of flue gases from the power plants. Presently, the gases from the exhaust are monitore dusing gas analyzers which are positioned at the exit point of the chimney. These gas analyzers are prone to cold end corrosion which will lead to malfunctioning of the equipment causing erroneous results during measurements. Thiskind of indigenous technique facilitates to develop an Industrial IoT (IIoT) temperature monitoring system at power plants. A combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Cascaded Neural Network (CNN) is used. The features extracted and reduced serve as inputs to CNN. An efficient technology to scrutinize and measure the temperature inside the combustion chamber thereby reducing the amount of flue gas emissions by the partnership of two methods.

Optimization algorithms are liable for sinking the losses and to give the most precise outcomes conceivable. Optimizers are utilized to modify the properties of neural network, for example, training rate and weights are used to reduce the losses. Optimization means a procedure of obtaining a global optimal solution for a given problem under given conditions. The real-world problems in the scientific fields, such as engineering design and economic planning, mostly are multimodal, high-dimensional, disconnected, and oscillated optimization problems. These complex problems cannot be solved well within reasonable time using traditional method based on gradient. Nature-inspired algorithms are becoming delightful in resolving mathematical optimization problems, like multiprocessor scheduling problem, vehicle routing and classification problems etc. In this manuscript, Whale Swarm Optimization algorithm on optimizing the neural networks, one of the meta-heuristic algorithms is applied to analysis of the cardiovascular disease dataset and compares the performance with Gradient Descent and RMSprop optimization techniques.