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Ministers of worship may carry out functions that have civil import; some religious acts have civil effects. Some religious professions do not limit the role of minister to men. Given that the rules and regulations of Ecclesiastical Law relating indirectly to women ministers of worship are scarce (Social Security), the purpose of this paper is to gain a clearer understanding of the situation and find out the number of women ministers who carry out religious functions that have civil effects. The Sub-Directorate General of Religious Freedom has been consulted to establish the number of ministers of worship included in the Registry of Religious Bodies, and religious organizations approached to see how many such ministers are women. At the same time, this analysis also provides further information on the functions that women carry out in religious organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the protection of religious freedom in the workplace by looking at the exceptions in current legislation governing the prohibition of discrimination on religious grounds, in line with European Directive 2000/78. Although it has not been transposed into Spanish law, this paper also addresses the right of religious denominations and ethos-based organizations to discriminate against workers on religious grounds and to require allegiance to their doctrine or ethos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact of the decline of the modern state on the transformation of the Ius Publicum Ecclesiasticum Externum, a discipline that emerged alongside the rise in the late Middle Ages of a particular form of political organization known as the modern state. It analyzes the process by which the modern state emerged and developed, based primarily on the concept of sovereignty. The Church addressed this phenomenon through the development of the Ius Publicum Ecclesiasticum Externum. Amongst other factors, globalization and the eclipse of the concept of sovereignty are expected to lead to the decline of the modern state. These circumstances favor the transformation of the Ius Publicum, which tends to offer a universal vision that favors the protection of human rights and views the Church as a People of God, opening a greater space in which laypeople may foster the Christian spirit in the temporal order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]