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This paper analyses the role of the bishop as judge in light of Motu Proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, promulgated by Pope Francis on 15 August 2015. The analysis addresses these four main issues: 1. is the normative character of the text an innovation or a rediscovery? 2. the historical background; 3. the requirements of the new legislation; and 4. problematic issues and challenges. The first two points lay the groundwork for further consideration, while the latter two aim to clarify the scope of the legislation and highlight potential challenges in its application. Indeed, the final point is framed as an «open conclusion», as responses may be expected to arise through both the experience of Bishop-Judges in carrying out their juridical role and in the application of the legislation contained in the Motu Proprio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]