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IN 1955, Barr reported the first case of interstitial plasmacellular pneumonia to be described outside of the European continent. Barr considered this condition to be of protozoan origin, and he based his opinion on the work of Vanek and Jirovec. Since Barr's paper was published, several instances of this disease have been reported in the American literature.Report of a CaseFrom the histologie characteristics, the infant in our case apparently had a protozoan disease. The disease, rather than being localized to the lungs, was generalized, and sclerema neonatorum and congenital heart disease were associated. Congenital anomalies have been described in association with this disease; however, a coexisting sclerema neonatorum has not been mentioned.Clinical History.—After an apparently normal and spontaneous birth, a premature boy was placed in an incubator. The period of gestation was estimated to be 40 weeks. At the time of birth, the baby weighed 4 lb.