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Key Points Question Is concussion incurred during combative training associated with changes in blood levels of protein biomarkers for traumatic brain injury among military service academy cadets? Findings In this case-control study of 103 military service academy cadets in the US, the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 biomarkers among cadets who incurred concussions during combative training indicated significant increases compared with baseline values and values found in matched cadets who participated in the same combative training exercises but did not incur concussions. Neurofilament light chain levels were significantly higher among cadets with concussions compared with those without concussions at less than 6 hours after injury to 7 days after return to activity. Meaning In this study, blood biomarkers delineated physiological changes after concussions that were incurred during military combative training, indicating patterns that were largely consistent with those reported in studies of sport-associated concussions., Importance Validation of protein biomarkers for concussion diagnosis and management in military combative training is important, as these injuries occur outside of traditional health care settings and are generally difficult to diagnose. Objective To investigate acute blood protein levels in military cadets after combative training–associated concussions. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter prospective case-control study was part of a larger cohort study conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the US Department of Defense Concussion Assessment Research and Education (CARE) Consortium from February 20, 2015, to May 31, 2018. The study was performed among cadets from 2 CARE Consortium Advanced Research Core sites: the US Military Academy at West Point and the US Air Force Academy. Cadets who incurred concussions during combative training (concussion group) were compared with cadets who participated in the same combative training exercises but did not incur concussions (contact-control group). Clinical measures and blood sample collection occurred at baseline, the acute postinjury point (, This case-control study examines whether blood levels of protein biomarkers for traumatic brain injury change after concussions incurred during combative training exercises among US military service academy cadets.