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As society places pressure on governmental agencies to protect the environment, new legislation and regulations are forcing industry to handle and dispose of dangerous materials responsibly. Safe, ecological behavior has a cost, however, and new technologies must often replace or augment the old way of doing things. While some of the less expensive measures have already been commercialized, much of the new technology is still in the developmental stage.

Investment costs for copper smelter projects have risen substantially in recent years, and there are a number of factors which must be taken into account when considering a new smelting facility or modernizing an existing operation.