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Transradial access is associated with fewer access site-related complications, earlier patient mobilization, and greater postprocedural comfort. Pseudoaneurysms are an extremely rare complication after transradial procedures and the radial artery itself is the most atypical arterial site of occurrence. We report a case in which a non-surgical, non-invasive, simple, and effective solution (prolonged pneumatic compression) was used to manage a radial artery pseudoaneurysm, a very rare and challenging complication of transradial procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo O cateter totalmente implantável (CTI) é utilizado na administração da quimioterapia. Em menos de 1% dos casos de complicação, pode ocorrer migração do CTI para quimioterapia para a circulação sistêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever um caso de migração do CTI para a veia hepática. Uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 44 anos de idade, teve diagnóstico de câncer de mama com indicação de quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Realizou-se a implantação de cateter port-a-cath. Durante o procedimento de punção do cateter, houve retorno normal de sangue, e foi realizada infusão de soro fisiológico. Em seguida, houve um aumento de volume no local do port e não retorno de sangue à aspiração. A radiografia de tórax mostrou embolização do cateter em topografia hepática. Retirou-se o cateter pela técnica do laço (sem complicações), e a paciente recebeu alta no dia seguinte. Possíveis alterações no funcionamento do CTI devem chamar atenção da equipe responsável.

Resumo Contexto A insuficiência venosa crônica é uma entidade com alta prevalência. Os casos avançados apresentam morbidade elevada. Objetivos Avaliar os riscos e benefícios da escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em pacientes que foram submetidos ao tratamento das veias safenas magnas bilateralmente em tempo único. Métodos Foram revistos retrospectivamente 55 pacientes (110 membros) portadores de incompetência bilateral das veias safenas magnas submetidas a tratamento escleroterápico com espuma bilateralmente, em tempo único, usando uma dose máxima de 20 mL de espuma de polidocanol por paciente. Resultados Das 110 safenas analisadas, obteve-se a oclusão de 81 (73,6%) com uma sessão, de 106 (96,3%) com duas sessões e de 110 (100%) com três sessões. Houve oclusão bilateral das safenas magnas em 27 pacientes (50%) em uma sessão, em 34 (62%) em duas sessões e em 55 (100%) em três sessões. De 11 pacientes portadores de úlceras, houve cicatrização total de sete (63%) e parcial de três (27%) 42 dias após a escleroterapia. Houve lipotimia autolimitada e escotomas visuais em um paciente (1,8%) e manchas em três (5,45%); 19 pacientes (34,5%) foram submetidos a punção para drenagem de coágulo retido. Conclusões A escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em veias safenas magnas em tempo único mostrou-se uma técnica segura e eficaz em pacientes selecionados.

Background: The aim of carotid interventions is to prevent cerebrovascular events. Endovascular treatment (carotid- artery-stenting/CAS) has become established as an alternative to open surgery in some cases. Historically, female sex has been considered as a perioperative risk factor, however, there are few studies regarding this hypothesis when it comes to CAS. Objectives: To analyze the CAS results in our center adjusted by sex. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was designed, including patients with carotid atheromatosis operated at a single center from January 2016 to June 2019. Our objective was to compare cardiovascular risk, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality, by sex. Follow-up rates of stent patency, restenosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, and death were reported. Results: 71 interventions were performed in 50 men (70.42%) and 21 women (29.57%). Mean age was 70.50 ± 10.72 years for men and 73.62 ± 11.78 years for women. Cardiovascular risk factors did not differ significantly between sexes. Mean follow-up was 11.28 ± 11.28 months. There were no significant differences in neurological events during follow-up. No adverse cardiological events were detected at any time. Regarding the mortality rate, during medium-term follow up there were 2 neurological related deaths with no significant differences between sexes (p=0.8432). Neither sex had higher rated of restenosis during long term follow-up (5.63% vs. 1.41%, p = 0.9693) or reoperation (1.41% vs. 1.41%, p = 0.4971). All procedures remained patent (<50% restenosis). Conclusions: Despite the limitations of our study, CAS is a therapeutic option that is as effective and safe in women as in men. No sex differences were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic venous insufficiency is a highly prevalent disease. Advanced cases have high morbidity. Objectives: To evaluate the risks and benefits of foam sclerotherapy in patients who underwent bilateral treatment of the great saphenous veins in a single procedure, in selected cases of advanced venous insufficiency. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 55 patients (110 limbs) with bilateral incompetence of the great saphenous veins who had undergone foam sclerotherapy treatment bilaterally, using a maximum dose of 20 ml of foam per patient and inelastic compression. Results: In 81 (73.6%) of the 110 saphenous veins analyzed, occlusion was obtained in the first session. After a second session this figure rose to 106 (96.3%) and all 110 (100%) veins were occluded after three sessions. Bilateral occlusion of the great saphenous veins was achieved in 27 patients (50%) in one session, in 34 (62%) patients in two sessions, and in 55 (100%) patients in three sessions. At 42 days after sclerotherapy, there was complete ulcer healing in seven (63%) of the 11 patients with ulcers and partial healing in 3 (27%) of these patients. One patient (1.8%) had self-limited lipothymia and visual scotomas, 3 patients (5.45%) had skin spots, and 19 patients (34.5%) developed retained intravascular coagulum. Conclusions: Bilateral foam sclerotherapy in a synchronous procedure is an option to be considered for treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain systemic viral infections can be related to development of vascular complications, such as deep venous thrombosis and lymphedema of lower and upper limbs. These links have been well-established in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C, or influenza. Recently introduced into the American continent (2013), chikungunya virus is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus and is the etiologic agent of chikungunya fever (CF), but its relationship to these vascular complications has not yet been consolidated. However, the CF outbreak that occurred during 2015 and 2016 resulted in the first cases described in the medical literature of acute and chronic vascular complications secondary to infection by this arbovirus. In this report, we describe the case of a patient who developed lymphedema of upper and lower limbs after an episode of CF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To report initial findings with the GORE Flow Reversal System®, with a focus on major/minor adverse events in the 30 first postoperative days. METHODS: The first 24 patients submitted to carotid angioplasty using the GORE system, from June 2010 to May 2012, were retrospectively assessed with regard to indications, anatomic details, technical difficulties, and early clinical outcomes, including major (stroke, death, acute myocardial infarction) and minor (hematoma) adverse events. RESULTS: Systemic hypertension was present in 100% of the patients, diabetes mellitus in 58.3%, and coronary disease in 37.5%. Type II aortic arch was encountered in 62.5% of the patients and atherosclerotic lesion predominantly at the carotid bifurcation affecting the internal and common carotid arteries in 79.2%. Angiographic data revealed contralateral carotid arteries with OBJETIVO: Relatar os achados iniciais da utilização do GORE Flow Reversal System® (Sistema de Fluxo de Reversão), com foco em eventos adversos maiores/menores nos primeiros 30 dias do pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Os primeiros 24 pacientes submetidos a angioplastia carotídea com a utilização do sistema GORE, de junho de 2010 a maio de 2012, foram avaliados retrospectivamente com relação a indicações, detalhes anatômicos, dificuldades técnicas e desfechos clínicos imediatos, incluindo eventos adversos maiores (acidente vascular cerebral, morte, infarto agudo do miocárdio) e menores (hematoma). RESULTADOS: Hipertensão sistêmica estava presente em 100% dos pacientes, diabete melito em 58,3% e doença coronariana em 37,5%. Arco aórtico tipo II foi encontrado em 62,5% dos pacientes e lesão de aterosclerose predominantemente na bifurcação carotídea que afeta as artérias carótidas internas e comuns em 79,2%. Dados angiográficos revelaram artérias carótidas contralaterais com estenose

A migração da endoprótese é complicação do tratamento endovascular definida como deslocamento da ancoragem inicial. Para avaliação da migração, verifica-se a posição da endoprótese em relação a determinada região anatômica. Considerando o aneurisma da aorta abdominal infrarrenal, a área proximal de referência consiste na origem da artéria renal mais baixa e, na região distal, situa-se nas artérias ilíacas internas. Os pacientes deverão ser monitorizados por longos períodos, a fim de serem identificadas migrações, visto que estas ocorrem normalmente após 2 anos de implante. Para evitar migrações, forças mecânicas que propiciam fixação, determinadas por características dos dispositivos e incorporação da endoprótese, devem predominar sobre forças gravitacionais e hemodinâmicas que tendem a arrastar a prótese no sentido caudal. Angulação, extensão e diâmetro do colo, além da medida transversa do saco aneurismático, são importantes aspectos morfológicos do aneurisma relacionados à migração. Com relação à técnica, não se recomenda implante de endopróteses com sobredimensionamento excessivo (> 30%), por provocar dilatação do colo do aneurisma, além de dobras e vazamentos proximais que também contribuem para a migração. Por outro lado, endopróteses com mecanismos adicionais de fixação (ganchos, farpas e fixação suprarrenal) parecem apresentar menos migrações. O processo de incorporação das endopróteses ocorre parcialmente e parece não ser suficiente para impedir migrações tardias. Nesse sentido, estudos experimentais com endopróteses de maior porosidade e uso de substâncias que permitam maior fibroplasia e aderência da prótese à artéria vêm sendo realizados e parecem ser promissores. Esses aspectos serão discutidos nesta revisão.Migration of the endoprosthesis is defined as the misplacement of its initial fixation. To assess the migration, the position of the endoprosthesis regarding a certain anatomic region is verified. Considering the aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, the proximal area of reference is the origin of the lowest renal artery and, at the distal region, it is located next to the internal iliac arteries. Patients should be monitored for long periods so that migrations can be identified; these migrations usually occur 2 years after the implantation. To avoid migrations, mechanical forces that enable fixation and that are determined by the characteristics of the devices and by the incorporation of the endoprosthesis should predominate over gravitational and hemodynamic forces, which tend to drag the prosthesis toward to caudal direction. Angulation, extension, and diameter of the neck, and transversal measure of the aneurysmatic sac are important morphological aspects related to migration. In relation to the technique, endoprosthesis implantation with excessive oversizing (> 30%) is not recommended because it leads to aortic neck dilatation, folds and proximal leakage that also contribute to migration. On the other hand, endoprosthesis with additional fixation devices (hooks, barbs and suprarenal fixation) seem to be less associated with migration. The process of endoprosthesis incorporation is partial and does not seem to be enough to prevent later migrations. In this sense, experimental studies with endoprosthesis of higher porosity, as well as the use of substances that allow higher fibroplasia and adherence of the prosthesis to the artery, have been conducted and are promising. Such aspects are discussed in the present review of the literature.

O hemangioma é o tumor vascular mais presente em crianças até 1 ano de idade. Geralmente, sua involução é espontânea, sendo por isso recomendada uma conduta expectante. Ulceração e infecção secundária, seguidas de hemorragia, são as complicações mais frequentes dos hemangiomas. Estima-se que apenas 10 a 20% dos hemangiomas precisem ser tratados. A cirurgia é indicada nos casos de emergência, naqueles em que não há resposta aos tratamentos sistêmicos ou por razões estéticas. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de hemangioma combinado ulcerado do pavilhão auricular, em paciente de 8 meses de idade submetida a exérese total.Hemangioma is the most common vascular tumor in children younger than 12 months. Because its regression is usually spontaneous, an expectant management is recommended in most cases. Ulceration and secondary infection followed by bleeding are the most frequent complications of hemangiomas. It is estimated that only 10 to 20% of hemangiomas require treatment. Surgery is usually indicated in emergency cases, when there is no response to systemic treatments, or for cosmetic reasons. The objective of this study was to report a case of ulcerated compound hemangioma on the external ear of an 8-month-old patient who underwent a complete surgical excision.

CONTEXTO: A revascularização do miocárdio utilizando-se a veia safena magna ainda é procedimento cirúrgico bastante realizado na atualidade. O edema que surge no membro inferior operado causa grande desconforto e necessita ser melhor estudado. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar o edema de membro inferior secundário a exérese da veia safena magna pela técnica de incisões escalonadas para sua utilização como enxerto venoso na revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 44 indivíduos submetidos a exérese de veia safena magna para revascularização miocárdica há mais de 3 meses. Excluíram-se fatores que pudessem interferir na formação de edema dos membros inferiores. Foram avaliados por volumetria e perimetria maleolares ambos os membros inferiores. Considerou-se como presença de edema significativo a diferença de volume maior que 50 mL e maior de 2 cm em relação ao membro não-operado. Para a análise estatística foram empregados o teste do qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, teste t de Student e o teste de McNemar. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (a = 0,05). RESULTADOS: Encontraram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < 0.05) entre os membros operados e os não-operados, sendo 56,8% com volume maior que 50 mL e 31,9% com perímetro maleolar maior que 2 cm. Não se encontrou associação entre a presença do edema e características da amostra ou da cirurgia e de intercorrências clínicas perioperatórias ou tardias. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes submetidos a ressecções de veia safena magna para sua utilização como ponte coronariana poderão apresentar edema no membro associado.BACKGROUND: Myocardial revascularization using the great saphenous vein is still a very common surgical procedure. The edema that occurs in the operated leg causes much discomfort and requires further studies. OBJECTIVES: To describe lower limb edema secondary to great saphenous vein harvesting using the bridge technique for use as venous graft in myocardial revascularization. METHODS: Forty-four individuals previously submitted to great saphenous vein harvesting for myocardial revascularization more than 3 months before were randomly selected. Patients with factors that might interfere with formation of lower limb edema were excluded. Both operated and non-operated legs were evaluated by volumetry and perimetry of the malleolar region. Differences greater than 50 mL or higher than 2 cm between the operated and the contralateral leg were considered as presence of significant edema. Chi-square, Fisher’s, McNemar’s and Student’s t tests were used for statistical analysis. Significance level was set at 5% (a = 0.05). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between operated and contralateral legs, with 56.8% of the individuals having a difference in volume greater than 50 mL and 31.9% having a difference in malleolar region perimeter greater than 2 cm. There was no association between presence of edema and sample characteristics, surgery, perioperative or late clinical complications. CONCLUSIONS: Patients submitted to resection of the great saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting may evolve with edema of the operated leg.

Pseudo-aneurisma, ou falso aneurisma, é uma entidade clínica causada por ruptura da parede arterial, com extravasamento de sangue que é contido pelos tecidos vizinhos. Apresentamos um relato de caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 64 anos, que foi encaminhada devido a uma rara lesão da artéria torácica lateral direita, levando ao pseudo-aneurisma, após traumatismo contuso. Os autores não têm conhecimento de caso semelhante na literatura consultada.Pseudoaneurysm, or false aneurysm, is a clinical entity caused by arterial wall rupture, with blood extravasation contained by neighboring tissues. We report a case of a 64-year-old female patient, who was referred due to a rare right lateral thoracic artery lesion leading to pseudoaneurysm secondary to blunt trauma. The authors did not find a similar case in the literature.

Os autores relatam dois casos de escleroterapia de telangiectasias, as quais complicaram com trombose venosa profunda. O primeiro caso foi confirmado por flebografia, e o segundo, por duplex scan. Um paciente, 8 anos após, apresentou uma tromboflebite espontânea de veia safena parva, que resultou em pesquisa de trombofilia positiva para o Fator V Leiden. A outra paciente teve pesquisa de trombofilia negativa. Os relatos de tromboembolismo relacionado à escleroterapia são escassos na literatura. O objetivo do trabalho é alertar para essa possibilidade, valorizando as queixas de dor e edema após a escleroterapia. Havendo suspeita clínica, o duplex scan deve ser realizado.The authors report two cases of sclerotherapy for telangiectasias, which complicated with deep venous thrombosis. The first case was confirmed by phlebography and the second one by duplex scan. One patient, 8 years later, had a spontaneous lesser saphenous vein thrombophlebitis, which resulted in positive thrombophilia investigation for factor V Leiden. The other patient had negative investigation for thrombophilia. There are very few reports on thromboembolism after sclerotherapy in the literature. This study aims to warn against this possibility, valuing the complaints of pain and swollen leg after the sclerotherapy. In case of clinical suspicion, a duplex scan should be performed.

Obturator artery is frequently a branch of anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It has drawn attention of pelvic surgeons, anatomists and radiologists because of the high frequency of variations in its course and origin. The obturator vein is usually described as a tributary of the internal iliac vein. During routine dissection classes to undergraduate medical students we have observed obturator artery arising from external iliac artery, obturator vein draining into external iliac vein, communicating vein between obturator vein and external iliac vein and inferior epigastric artery arising from the obturator artery. The anomalous obturator vessels and inferior epigastric artery in the present case may be in a dangerous situation in pelvic surgeries that require dissection or suturing along the pelvic rim. Developmental reasons and clinical significances of the variations are discussed.A artéria obturatória é muitas vezes um ramo da divisão anterior da artéria ilíaca interna. Ela tem chamado atenção de cirurgiões pélvicos, anatomistas e radiologistas devido à alta freqüência de variações em seu trajeto e origem. A veia obturatória é geralmente descrita como uma tributária de veia ilíaca interna. Durante aulas de dissecação para estudantes de medicina, observamos a artéria obturatória surgindo a partir da artéria ilíaca externa, veia obturatória drenando para a veia ilíaca externa, veia comunicante entre a veia obturatória e a veia ilíaca externa e artéria epigástrica inferior surgindo a partir da artéria obturatória. Os vasos obturatórios anômalos e a artéria epigástrica inferior no presente caso podem se encontrar em situação perigosa em cirurgias pélvicas que exigem dissecação ou suturas ao longo da borda pélvica. Discutem-se as causas de desenvolvimento e a significância clínica das variações.

Purpose: To report initial findings with the GORE Flow Reversal System*, with a focus on major/minor adverse events in the 30 first postoperative days. Methods: The first 24 patients submitted to carotid angioplasty using the GORE system, from June 2010 to May 2012, were retrospectively assessed with regard to indications, anatomic details, technical difficulties, and early clinical outcomes, including major (stroke, death, acute myocardial infarction) and minor (hematoma) adverse events. Results: Systemic hypertension was present in 100% of the patients, diabetes mellitus in 58.3%, and coronary disease in 37.5%. Type II aortic arch was encountered in 62.5% of the patients and atherosclerotic lesion predominantly at the carotid bifurcation affecting the internal and common carotid arteries in 79.2%. Angiographic data revealed contralateral carotid arteries with <50% stenosis in 95.8% of cases and preservation of cerebral blood flow in 95.8%. All procedures but one were technically successful. Mean cerebral flow reversal time was 14.9 minutes, with a statistically significant difference between the first 12 (17.9 minutes) and the last 12 patients treated (11.6 minutes) (p<0.001). Intolerance to flow reversal was observed in 17.4% of the cases. Technical difficulties were experienced in 1 patient (4.2%). Clinical outcomes included 4.2% of stroke and 12.5% of hematomas at arterial puncture sites. Conclusion: The system was technically effective. A significant reduction in cerebral flow reversal time was observed, and the rates of early major/minor adverse events were within acceptable limits, suggesting that the device is safe and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration of the endoprosthesis is defined as the misplacement of its initial fixation. To assess the migration, the position of the endoprosthesis regarding a certain anatomic region is verified. Considering the aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, the proximal area of reference is the origin of the lowest renal artery and, at the distal region, it is located next to the internal iliac arteries. Patients should be monitored for long periods so that migrations can be identified; these migrations usually occur 2 years after the implantation. To avoid migrations, mechanical forces that enable fixation and that are determined by the characteristics of the devices and by the incorporation of the endoprosthesis should predominate over gravitational and hemodynamic forces, which tend to drag the prosthesis toward to caudal direction. Angulation, extension, and diameter of the neck, and transversal measure of the aneurysmatic sac are important morphological aspects related to migration. In relation to the technique, endoprosthesis implantation with excessive oversizing (> 30%) is not recommended because it leads to aortic neck dilatation, folds and proximal leakage that also contribute to migration. On the other hand, endoprosthesis with additional fixation devices (hooks, barbs and suprarenal fixation) seem to be less associated with migration. The process of endoprosthesis incorporation is partial and does not seem to be enough to prevent later migrations. In this sense, experimental studies with endoprosthesis of higher porosity, as well as the use of substances that allow higher fibroplasia and adherence of the prosthesis to the artery, have been conducted and are promising. Such aspects are discussed in the present review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemangioma is the most common vascular tumor in children younger than 12 months. Because its regression is usually spontaneous, an expectant management is recommended in most cases. Ulceration and secondary infection followed by bleeding are the most frequent complications of hemangiomas. It is estimated that only 10 to 20% of hemangiomas require treatment. Surgery is usually indicated in emergency cases, when there is no response to systemic treatments, or for cosmetic reasons. The objective of this study was to report a case of ulcerated compound hemangioma on the external ear of an 8-month-old patient who underwent a complete surgical excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myocardial revascularization using the great saphenous vein is still a very common surgical procedure. The edema that occurs in the operated leg causes much discomfort and requires further studies. Objectives: To describe lower limb edema secondary to great saphenous vein harvesting using the bridge technique for use as venous graft in myocardial revascularization. Methods: Forty-four individuals previously submitted to great saphenous vein harvesting for myocardial revascularization more than 3 months before were randomly selected. Patients with factors that might interfere with formation of lower limb edema were excluded. Both operated and non-operated legs were evaluated by volume try and perimetry of the malleolar region. Differences greater than 50 mL or higher than 2 cm between the operated and the contralateral leg were considered as presence of significant edema. Chi-square, Fisher's, McNemar's and Student's t tests were used for statistical analysis. Significance level was set at 5% (a = 0.05). Results: Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between operated and contralateral legs, with 56.8% of the individuals having a difference in volume greater than 50 mL and 31.9% having a difference in malleolar region perimeter greater than 2 cm. There was no association between presence of edema and sample characteristics, surgery, perioperative or late clinical complications. Conclusions: Patients submitted to resection of the great saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting may evolve with edema of the operated leg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo As úlceras de perna são as complicações cutâneas mais comuns em pacientes com anemia falciforme. Acometem principalmente indivíduos homozigotos e são lesões de difícil cicatrização e recidivantes, com impactos físicos, psicológicos e econômicos. Neste trabalho, discutimos a apresentação clínica, o diagnóstico, a fisiopatologia das úlceras falcêmicas e as suas implicações sobre a terapêutica.

Resumo Algumas infecções virais sistêmicas podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de complicações vasculares, como trombose venosa profunda e linfedema de membros inferiores e superiores. Essa relação já está bem estabelecida em pacientes portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), hepatite C ou influenza. Recentemente introduzido no continente americano (2013), o vírus chicungunha, um arbovírus transmitido pelo mosquito do gênero Aedes e agente etiológico da febre chicungunha (FC), ainda não tem essa relação bem sedimentada. Porém, o surto de FC, ocorrido entre 2015 e 2016, fez com que fossem descritos na literatura médica os primeiros casos de complicações vasculares agudas e crônicas secundárias à infecção por essa arbovirose. Neste relato de caso, descrevemos uma paciente que desenvolveu linfedema de membros superiores e inferiores após quadro de FC.