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In this paper, the thermal management (THM) of a battery pack (BPK) with 9 cylindrical batteries is numerically modeled. The batteries are 18,650 lithium-ion (LIN) type, which are placed in an air duct. A capsule of Phase Change Materials (PCM) is placed around all the LIN battery cells. The PCM used was CaCl2.6H2O, which was oval in the PCM capsule. This study was performed when the entire PCM was molten, and the air stream was trying to solidify it. At all times, the LIN battery is working and generating heat. By changing the horizontal distance of the battery cells from each other, this study has been done for different times of battery operation. An economic analysis has also been performed on the cost of electricity consumed to generate airflow in the battery pack for different battery distances. For numerical modeling, multi-physics COMSOL software has been used. The enthalpy method was used to simulate the PCM freezing front. Examination of the PCM solidification front showed that the PCM solidification was formed from the air inlet side. The highest amount of solid PCM occurred at fixed times for the first column of the LIN battery, while the last column batteries had the lowest amount of frozen PCM. Increasing the distance of the LIN battery cells horizontally from each other causes the amount of PCM temperature (TPCM) and LIN battery temperature (TBat) to decrease. At 120 min and at a horizontal distance of 8 cm from each other, the amount of molten PCM is 22.98% and at a distance of 11 cm the amount of molten PCM It has reached 8.73%. Changing the distance between the batteries may thus affect the quantity of molten PCM by 14.25% at this time. It was also found that increasing the distance between the batteries reduces the cost of electricity used to solidify the PCM.

In this work, a battery pack (BAPA) containing 21 cylindrical battery cells was investigated. Active and passive approaches are used to regulate the battery's thermal management (THM). An enclosure packed with phase change material (PCM) surrounding the battery is employed for passive heat control. For the active method, forced airflow is utilized. PCM enclosure has two shapes of circular and elliptical, in which paraffin is used. In the active method, air flows into the BAPA at the velocity range of 0.0005 to 0.002 m/s. An economic analysis is performed for the electricity cost of the active method for several European countries. Battery temperature (T-B), pressure drop (PDP) in the BAPA at different air velocities, and two different shapes of the PCM enclosure are evaluated. The FEM is used for simulations. The results reveal that the use of an elliptical enclosure increases the maximum temperature (T-Mx) and average temperature (T-Av) of the battery and the amount of molten PCM also enhances compared to the circular enclosure. Also, the amount of PDP and power cost in the elliptical enclosure is more than that in the circular one. By increasing the velocity, the active technique decreases the amount of T-B while also increasing the amount of PDP and power cost.

•The waste heat recovery system with PCM studied experimentally.•The heat recovery system is a cross-flow gas heat exchanger.•The study case is a greenhouse of 20×66 m2in the city of Isfahan.•Adding the HRS, the improvement of energy efficiency is 140% and 33%.

•The liquid desiccant air conditioning system with free convection of desiccant has benefits over conventional systems.•The prototype system made up of two externally cooled/heated hollow fiber membrane liquid to air energy exchangers worked as dehumidifier/ regenerator.•The performance of system studied under the standard summer air conditions.•Sensitivity analysis performed by evaluating system indexes in different air flow rates.•The coefficient of performance (COP) of system is 0.85 at the base conditions.