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Gender disparities exist in various forms and frequently have significant impact on economic growth, especially in less developed economies. The magnitude of this gap is likely to have a significant effect on the socioeconomic structure and distribution of wealth within an economy. This article aims at investigating factors affecting gender disparities in life expectancy in Sudan. The analysis examines the long and short run impacts of selected socioeconomics and environmental factors on gender disparities in life expectancy in Sudan during the period 1960-2009. Employing the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, the results significantly show that in both short and long run periods, education tends to increase the gap, whilst pollution has negative impact in reducing the existing gap. The Wald F-test for causality suggests that in the long run there is strong causality relationship which flow from income, education and pollution towards gender gap in life expectancy. The finding suggests that, although life expectancy gap in Sudan is affected by socioeconomic and environmental factors, the existence in the gap might also create reciprocal effect onto these factors respectively. Thus, it is crucial for the policy-makers in Sudan to continuously support programmes which have positive impacts on the population's life expectancy, particularly among the females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey has experienced a significant increase in energy consumption and carbon emissions in recent decades. The country is a candidate for full membership to the European Union and likely to face significant pressures to decrease her emission of carbon dioxide. This paper examines the long run Granger causality relationship between economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption from 1971 to 2007 in Turkey, controlling for capital stock and employment. Our finding from using autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach of cointegration suggest that in the long-run energy consumption, CO2 emission and capital formation Granger causes economic growth in the long run, while the results from error-correction model shows that in the short run only capital formation Granger causes economic growth. The results suggest that while controlling for carbon emissions is likely to have desirable effect on the real output growth of Turkey, the energy conservation policies will have adverse effect on economic growth in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]