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Hematologic alterations observed during the first 3 months of life in HIV-exposed uninfected infants subjected to antiretroviral medication before and after birth is investigated. The results have shown that antiretroviral transmission prophylaxis is associated with anemia and neutropenia in HIV-uninfected infants during the first 3 months of life and also that anemia is more profound in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-exposed infants.

The final results of the Cohort Program to Evaluate Access to Antiretroviral Therapy and Education (CARE) initiative are described. The virologic and immunologic responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited African settings could be as good as in Western settings if adequate medical care, counseling, proper instruction, and education of patients and medical staff during the entire study is warranted with special care in the early phase.

A pilot study evaluates the safety and noninferiority and explores the efficacy of administration of once-daily versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected subjects. During 48 weeks, a once-daily regimen of lopinavir/ritonavir + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + emtricitabine appears to contain similar virologic and immunologic responses in antiretroviral-naive subjects as the same region with lopinavir/ritonavir administered twice daily.

A research was conducted to study the dynamics of enfuvirtide (T-20) resistance development in HIV-1-infected subjects. The rapid emergence of mutations associated with T-20 resistance in the absence of a fully suppressive antiretroviral regimen demonstrated a low genetic barrier to resistance and underscored the importance of combining T-20 with other active drugs when constructing regimens for highly treatment-experienced patients.

The prevalence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) resistance-associated mutations among HIV-1 strains in western Cameroon was evaluated by genotypically analyzing strains isolated from drug-naive individuals, extracting proviral DNA from 54 blood samples. It was established that primary mutations of the HIV-1 protease existed in drug-naive patients in rural western Cameroon, despite little use of protease inhibitors.

A viral dynamics model is used to compare the effectiveness of in vivo viral inhibition of several doses of maraviroc. The use of model-based approach for selecting doses could accelerate drug development by replacing some arms or trials with simulations.

Cryptogenic liver disease (CLD) is defined as persistently elevated aminotransferases levels in the absence of Hepatitis C and/or B viruses replication and of other common causes of liver disease. An analysis concluded that CLD is an uncommon condition in HIV-positive individuals and might be associated with prolonged didanosine.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) on the viability and function of HIV-1-infected and -uninfected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) associated with reduced phagocytic capacity of macrophages, a crucial function in host surveillance and immunity. Results have important implications for use of these antiretroviral drugs in immunocomprised individuals.

Changes in regional fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and circumferences over 64 weeks in HIV-infected individuals initiating their first antiretroviral regimen are examined. A mixed pattern of changes in central and peripheral fat over the first 64 weeks after initiation of antiretroviral therapy is observed and the changes were correlated positively, as were changes in waist and hip circumferences.

An investigation is made to analyze whether there are differences in growth between HAART-exposed and nonexposed premature uninfected children and between HAART-exposed and no exposed term uninfected children born to HIV-infected women. The results show that uninfected children born prematurely and exposed to combination therapy generally reach a given centile for weight earlier than those in the same gestational age category who have not been exposed.

A study was conducted to assess the rate of progression of lipodystrophy and the associated metabolic disturbances over a 2-year period in children and to assess risk factors associated with lipodystrophy and metabolic disturbances. The observations indicate that puberty seems to be the time when children are most likely to develop lipodystrophy and metabolic complications, especially in children with severe underlying HIV infection.

Progression to death in a population of 3678 antitiretroviral treatment-naive patients from the ATHENA national observational cohort from 24 weeks after the start of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were analyzed. Mortality in HIV-infected patients with good initial response to HAART was found to be higher than in the general population.

An experiment was conducted to find out whether a limited sampling strategy could provide a good estimation of efavirenz (EFV) trough levels and area under the curve (AUC). The weak association observed between EFV plasma levels and treatment outcomes in the study might explain that no adequate substitute for collecting blood 24 hours after dosing emerged from the analysis.

The SCOLTA project (Surveillance Cohort Long-term Toxicity Antiretrovirals) is a system for online surveying of adverse reactions to commercialized antiretroviral drugs and a 'sentinel' for unexpected and late adverse reactions arising during any antiretroviral treatment. These data collection method gives timely real-life information from which to assess the impact of short-and long-term toxicity of new antiretroviral drugs.