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Purpose: To investigate the influence of the etching strategy of universal adhesives on bond degradation to sound and artificially-induced caries-affected dentin. Materials and Methods: The universal adhesives (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive; All-Bond Universal; Prime&Bond Elect) and adhesives used as controls (Adper Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond) were applied to sound and artificially-induced caries-affected bovine dentin. Microtensile bond strength was evaluated immediately (24 h) and after one year of water storage (1 year). Representative specimens were also prepared to assess nanoleakage. Bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (α = 0.05), considering each substrate separately. Results: Bonding degradation was observed for all universal adhesives on caries-affected dentin, irrespective of the etching strategy. On sound dentin, bonding degradation was observed when adhesives were used on the etchand-rinse strategy. Conclusion: The universal adhesives were not capable of maintaining bond stability over time on caries-affected dentin. The self-etch strategy seems better able to maintain the durability of adhesive interfaces created on sound dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically review the literature to analyze the influence of endodontic irrigating solutions on the bond strength of adhesives to coronal enamel or dentin. Materials and Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus electronic databases were used to select laboratory studies related to the research question, without publication year or language limits. From 2461 potentially eligible studies, 2451 were selected for full-text analysis, and 97 were included in the systematic review. Two authors independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. Pooling bond strength data were calculated using RevMan5.1 with random effects model (α = 0.05), comparing control (no endodontic irrigating solution) and experimental groups (one or more endodontic solutions). Results: No significant difference was found between the control and experimental groups (p = 0.12) in the overall meta-analysis and in the meta-analysis excluding chlorhexidine (p = 0.06). High heterogeneity was found in the meta-analyses. Most included studies in the systematic review were scored as having a high risk of bias. Conclusion: The different endodontic irrigating solutions evaluated showed no negative influence on the bond strength of dental adhesives to coronal dental substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the influence of phosphoric acid containing chlorhexidine on the dentin bond stability of a universal and a 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. Materials and Methods: Eighty sound bovine incisors were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n = 10) according to: phosphoric acid (37% phosphoric acid [CTR] or 37% phosphoric acid with 2% chlorhexidine [CHX]); adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]or Adper Single Bond 2 [SB2]); and water storage time (24 h and 6 months). Both acids and adhesives were applied to flat dentin surfaces (following manufacturer's instructions) upon which composite cylinders were built up (0.72 mm²). After storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h or 6 months, the composite cylinders were submitted to microshear bond strength (μSBS) testing. Bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (α = 5%). Results: The interaction among factors was significant (p = 0.012). Both adhesives showed similar 24-h bond strengths regardless of the phosphoric acid. After 6 months, similar values were found for both materials when control phosphoric acid was used, but CHX phosphoric acid produced statistically significantly lower bond strengths for SBU. SB2 bond strength was not affected by acid type. Conclusion: Phosphoric acid containing chlorhexidine induced premature bond strength degradation of Scotchbond Universal Adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically review the literature on laboratory studies to determine whether the bond strength of adhesives to primary teeth is similar to that to permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42014015160). A comprehensive literature search was conducted considering in vitro studies published up to June 2015 in the PubMed/MEDLINE database, with no limit on year of publication. Two reviewers independently selected papers, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. From 422 eligible studies, 42 were fully analyzed. Thirty-seven studies were ultimately included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A global comparison was performed with a random-effects model at a significance level of p < 0.05, expressed by the difference of means between the groups. The mean bond strengths and standard deviations were tabulated and statistical analyses were conducted in RevMan 5.1 (The Cochrane Collaboration). Results: There was a significant difference between groups, with permanent teeth presenting higher bond strength than primary teeth (p = 0.0005). When the enamel and dentin substrates were considered separately, dentin presented the same trend (p = 0.002), while for enamel there was no significant difference between the dentitions (p = 0.11). The majority of the studies had a high bias risk. Conclusion: Adhesives have higher bond strengths when applied to permanent than to primary teeth. This difference was also valid when the comparison was made between permanent and primary dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the bonding performance of a universal adhesive to sound and artificially-created caries-affected dentin, using either the etch-and-rinse or self-etch strategy. Materials and Methods: Flat midcoronal dentin surfaces from 48 third molars were randomly assigned to eight groups according to the substrate (sound dentin and artificially-created caries-affected dentin [pH cycling for 14 days]) and the adhesive or application mode (Scotchbond Universal: self-etch or etch-and-rinse strategies; Adper Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond, a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive and a two-step self-etch adhesive as controls, respectively). Then, composite blocks were constructed, the specimens were further stored in water for 24 h, and composite-dentin sticks were prepared (0.8 mm2) and tested under tension at 1.0 mm/min. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: All adhesives tested on artificially-created caries-affected dentin presented similar μTBS (p > 0.05), and inferior bonding performance when compared to sound dentin (p = 0.000). On sound dentin, Scotchbond Universal presented higher bond strengths when applied in the etch-and-rinse than self-etch mode, but comparable bond strength in each application mode in relation to the respective control adhesive (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Scotchbond Universal can be used in different application modes when bonded to artificially-created caries-affected dentin; however, the etch-and-rinse strategy improves its bonding ability to sound dentin. Moreover, Adper Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond presented similar bond strengths, regardless of the dentin condition and comparable performance in relation to each strategy of Scotchbond Universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the immediate and six-month microshear bond strength (μSBS) of a universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and eroded dentin. Materials and Methods: Eighty bovine incisors were polished to obtain flat buccal dentin. Forty teeth were submitted to a pH-cycling model to simulate artificial erosion (3x/day cola drink for 7 days). Teeth from both dentin conditions (sound and eroded) were randomly assigned to four groups according to the adhesive and etching approach: a universal adhesive in self-etch and etch-and-rinse modes (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive), and as controls a twostep etch-and-rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond Plus), and a two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond). Four composite restorations (Z250) were built up on each dentin surface, using the area delimitation technique. Half of the specimens were evaluated in the μSBS test after 24 h of water storage, and the other half were evaluated six months later. Data (MPa) were analyzed with three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: The μSBS values of all adhesives significantly decreased after six months of aging (p = 0.01). Lower μSBS values were obtained in eroded dentin (p = 0.04). The universal adhesive showed similar μSBS to the selfetch adhesive used as control, irrespective of the etching strategy. However, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive applied in self-etch mode performed better than the control etch-and-rinse adhesive (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The universal adhesive does not provide the same bonding efficacy on eroded dentin as on sound dentin, and its performance does not depend on the etching mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the etching strategy on the immediate and 1-year microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and structural reliability of a universal adhesive to sound and artificially-induced caries-affected dentin of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Flat midcoronal dentin surfaces were exposed in 50 primary molars, which were then randomly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate (sound dentin [SD] and artificially-induced caries-affected dentin [CAD] with pH cycling for 14 days) and etching approach using Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (self-etching or dry or wet-bonding etch-and-rinse strategies) with Adper Single Bond Plus (two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive) and Clearfil SE Bond (two-step self-etching system) as controls. Composite buildups were constructed and sectioned to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) to be subjected to microtensile testing immediately or after 1 year of water aging. Data were analyzed using three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Weibull modulus and characteristic strength were also determined. Results: A decrease in bond strength was observed after 1 year of water aging, except when the universal adhesive was used in the dry-bonding etch-and-rinse and self-etching approaches. However, the self-etching approach resulted in lower µTBS values in SD, while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD. Overall, higher Weibull modulus values were achieved in the groups with higher bond strength. The relationship between characteristic strength and bond strengths was not linear for all groups. Conclusion: The bond longevity of the universal adhesive using the dry-bonding etch-and-rinse approach on sound and artificially-induced caries-affected primary dentin was better than the other bonding agents and approaches tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were randomly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate (sound dentin [SD] vs caries-affected dentin [CAD] pH cycled for 14 days) and bonding approach (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive: self-etching, vs dry or wet-bonding etch-and-rinse strategies; Adper Single Bond Plus [two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive] and Clearfil SE Bond [two-step self-etching system] as controls). After 24 h of water storage, bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm² were tested for microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage (NL) with SEM. The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. For NL, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used (α = 0.05). Results: The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent. The self-etching approach resulted in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD, while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD. Conclusion: It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch-and-rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of chemical and microbiological methods of caries induction on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of current adhesive systems to primary dentin. Materials and Methods: Flat dentin surfaces from 36 primary molars were assigned to 3 groups according to the method of inducing caries-affected dentin: (1) control (sound dentin); (2) pH cycling; and (3) microbiological. In both methods, teeth were submitted to caries induction for 14 days, and the sound dentin was stored in distilled water for the same period. Specimens were then randomly reassigned according to adhesive system: a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2) or a two-step self-etching system (Clearfil SE Bond). Composite buildups were constructed and the teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm²) to be tested for microtensile bond strength. The μTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). Failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope (400X). Results: Both methods of caries induction resulted in lower μTBS values (with no significant difference between them) than those obtained for sound dentin. Adhesive systems showed similar bond strength values. The percentage of premature failure was higher in the microbiological group, regardless of adhesive system. Conclusion: Microbiological and pH-cycling methods are both suitable for simulating caries-affected dentin for bonding evaluations in primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of shortening the etching time on the bond degradation of one etch-and-rinse and one two-step self-etching adhesive system to sound (SD) and caries-affected (CAD) dentin of deciduous teeth. Materials and Methods: Flat dentin surfaces from 48 deciduous molars were assigned to 8 groups according to substrate (SD and CAD, pH cycling for 14 days), adhesive system (Adper Single Bond 2 [SB] and Clearfil SE Bond [CSEB]), and etching time (recommended by manufacturers and half the recommended etching time). Composite buildups were constructed and sectioned to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm ) to be subjected to microtensile testing immediately or after 12 months of water aging. Two sticks from each tooth at each time were immersed in silver nitrate solution to qualitatively assess nanoleakage. The microtensile bond strength (μTBS) values of each adhesive were submitted to three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: The etching time influenced the bond strength only for SB. The highest μTBS values and lowest silver nitrate uptake were observed when half the recommended acid-etching time was used, regardless of substrate. Water storage for 12 months reduced bond strengths, except to CSEB bonded to SD. The μTBS values obtained for CAD were lower than for SD, irrespective of adhesive system. Nanoleakage was more pronounced in CAD. Conclusion: The effect of shortening the etching time is material dependent and results in better bond stability for sound and caries-affected dentin of deciduous teeth when an etch-and-rinse adhesive system is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the bonding of simplified adhesive systems to sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth with microtensile (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) tests. Materials and Methods: Occlusal cavities were prepared in 36 sound second primary molars. Half of the specimens were submitted to pH cycling to simulate caries-affected dentin. Teeth were randomly restored with one of three materials: the etch-and-rinse adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), the two-step self-etching adhesive system Adper SE Plus (SE), and the one-step self-etching adhesive system Adper Easy One (EASY). After storage for 24 h, specimens with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were prepared for microtensile testing (1 mm/min). One stick from each tooth was immersed in silver nitrate solution (24 h) and allowed to develop for 8 h in order to score the nanoleakage with SEM. The fracture pattern was evaluated using a stereomicro-scope (400X). The uTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. For NL, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used (a < 0.05). Results: SB (35.5 ± 3.5) showed the highest μTBS value to sound dentin, followed by EASY (26.3 ± 1.9) and SE (18.2 ± 6.5) (p < 0.05). No difference among materials was observed for caries-affected dentin (SB: 17.8 ± 4.2; SE: 13.9 ± 3.2; EASY: 14.4 ± 4.2, p > 0.05). For all groups, adhesive/mixed fracture prevailed. Caries-affected dentin promoted silver nitrate uptake into the adhesive interface; however, with SE, the nanoleakage was more pronounced than in the other adhesive systems, even in sound dentin. Conclusion: Caries-affected dentin negatively influences the bond strength and nanoleakage of the two-step etch-and-rinse and one-step self-etching adhesive systems tested in primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically review the literature to determine whether silane combined with adhesive application improves the repair bond strength of direct methacrylate-based resin composites in comparison to the use of an adhesive alone., Materials and Methods: The literature up to December 2019 was searched through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Lilacs databases with no publication year or language limits. From 676 potentially eligible studies, 81 were selected for full-text analysis, and 19 were included in the systematic review. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects model to calculate pooled mean differences between adhesive- vs silane-plus-adhesive surface treatments (global meta-analysis) and considering subgroup analyses (immediate and aged repair bond strengths and type of silane - hydrolyzed or nonhydrolyzed). Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan5.3 at a significance level of 5%., Results: Global meta-analysis showed that the use of silane prior to adhesive application produced significantly higher repair bond strengths (p=0.003). A higher mean difference (effect size: 7.30, 95% CI: 2.91-17.51) between groups was found when nonhydrolyzed silanes were used. The heterogeneity was high. Studies scored between medium and high risk of bias., Conclusion: An additional silane application step could increase the repair bond strength of methacrylate-based resin composites.

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of enamel condition and etching strategy on bond strength of a universal adhesive in primary teeth., Materials and Methods: Thirty-six primary molars were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 6) according to the enamel condition (sound [S] and demineralized [DEM]/cariogenic challenge by pH cycling prior to restorative procedures) and adhesive system (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]) used in either etch-and-rinse (ER) or selfetching (SE) mode, with Clearfil SE Bond as the self-etching control. The adhesives were applied to flat enamel surfaces and composite cylinders (0.72 mm2) were built up. After 24-h storage in water, specimens were subjected to the microshear test. Bond strength (MPa) data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (α = 0.05)., Results: Significant differences were found considering the factors adhesive system (p = 0.003) and enamel condition (p = 0.001). Demineralized enamel negatively affected the bond strength, with μSBS values approximately 50% lower than those obtained for sound enamel. SBU performed better in etch-and-rinse mode, and the bond strength found for SBU applied in self-etching mode was similar to that of CSE., Conclusions: Enamel etching with phosphoric acid improves the bond strength of a universal adhesive system to primary enamel. Demineralized primary enamel results in lower bond strength.

Purpose: To evaluate whether the etch-and-rinse or self-etching mode of a universal adhesive is the best protocol to optimize bond strength to primary and permanent artificially-induced caries-affected dentin., Materials and Methods: Flat midcoronal dentin surfaces were exposed in 24 primary and 24 permanent molars and submitted to pH cycling for 14 days to induce artificial caries-affected dentin. For each tooth type (primary and permanent), the teeth were randomly assigned to 4 different groups according to the adhesive systems and bonding strategy: a universal adhesive, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, in self-etching and etch-and-rinse modes; a twostep etch-and-rinse adhesive, Adper Single Bond 2 (control); and two-step self-etching system, Clearfil SE Bond (control). After bonding and restorative procedures, specimens were sectioned to obtain rectangular sticks (0.8 mm2) that were submitted to microtensile tests (crosshead speed: 1 mm/min). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05)., Results: The universal adhesive showed bond strengths similar to those of the control groups, irrespective of the bonding strategy. Likewise, statistically similar bonding performance was observed for all adhesives to either artificially- induced caries-affected primary or permanent dentin., Conclusion: The new universal adhesive, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, can be used in both application modes in artificially-induced caries-affected primary and permanent dentin, as the bond strength was not influenced by the different substrates or application mode.

Purpose: To evaluate the bonding of simplified adhesive systems to sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth with microtensile (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) tests., Materials and Methods: Occlusal cavities were prepared in 36 sound second primary molars. Half of the specimens were submitted to pH cycling to simulate caries-affected dentin. Teeth were randomly restored with one of three materials: the etch-and-rinse adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), the two-step self-etching adhesive system Adper SE Plus (SE), and the one-step self-etching adhesive system Adper Easy One (EASY). After storage for 24 h, specimens with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were prepared for microtensile testing (1 mm/min). One stick from each tooth was immersed in silver nitrate solution (24 h) and allowed to develop for 8 h in order to score the nano leakage with SEM. The fracture pattern was evaluated using a stereomicroscope (400X). The µTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. For NL, the Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used (α < 0.05)., Results: SB (35.5 ± 3.5) showed the highest µTBS value to sound dentin, followed by EASY (26.3 ± 1.9) and SE (18.2 ± 6.5) (p < 0.05). No difference among materials was observed for caries-affected dentin (SB: 17.8 ± 4.2; SE: 13.9 ± 3.2; EASY: 14.4 ± 4.2, p > 0.05). For all groups, adhesive/mixed fracture prevailed. Caries affected dentin promoted silver nitrate uptake into the adhesive interface; however, with SE, the nano leakage was more pronounced than in the other adhesive systems, even in sound dentin., Conclusion: Caries-affected dentin negatively influences the bond strength and nano leakage of the two-step etch-and-rinse and one-step self-etching adhesive systems tested in primary teeth.