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Urbanization remains an important factor affecting the mental health of people. Currently, there is insufficient research on depression among the offspring of women who have children at an advanced maternal age (AMA). The objective of this study is to investigate the urban and rural disparities in depressive symptoms among the offspring of AMA and related influencing factors. In this study, a total of 1273 offspring born to AMA were selected from the fourth wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database. The questionnaire used in the study included demographic information and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES D). Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were employed to examine the urban-rural differences. The likelihood of developing depressive symptoms of the offspring of AMA in rural areas was 1.633 times higher (AOR = 1.633; 95%CI: 1.211–2.202) compared to their urban counterparts. Several factors including gender, education, marital status, disability, chronic diseases, and sleep duration showed a linkage with depression among rural based offspring of AMA. For the urban offspring of AMA, only disability and sleep duration exhibited a significant association with depressive symptoms. This study cannot establish a causal relationship between depressive symptoms and the influencing factors for the offspring of AMA. Age range and variables of the respondents needs further consideration. This study has brought to light the elevated risk of depressive symptoms among rural-based offspring of AMA. Thus, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions and measures to address the negative impact. • The prevalence of depressive symptoms among offspring of AMA was found to be high; • The prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher among offspring of AMA in rural areas than in urban areas; • There are more influencing factors for depressive symptoms among offspring of AMA in rural areas than in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization is a major trend in global population migration. There is growing debate about whether this urban-rural disparity exacerbate depression at the individual level. This study aims to investigate how urban living has a beneficial impact on individual mental health. Based on the data of 15,764 participants in the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we perform analysis of variance to identify the gap in depression levels between urban and rural areas. Extensive comparisons and detailed statistical analyses are carried out to demonstrate the differences in social participation between urban and rural residents. Finally, we conduct a series of mediation and moderation analyses to reveal the underlying mechanisms of depressive disorder benefits of cities. The results indicate that those who lived in urban areas were less likely to suffer from depression (β = −1.461, 95 % CI = [−1.691, −1.235], p < 0.001). Social engagement is found to mediate the relationship between residence type (β = 0.164, 95 % CI = [0.136, 0.193], p < 0.001) and individual depression (β = −0.462, 95 % CI = [−0.587, −0.337], p < 0.001). City size plays a moderating role in the association between urban living and social engagement. The mechanism is conducted through cross-sectional data. Self-reported depression status is accessed in this study, which could lead to measurement error. This study demonstrates the beneficial effects of urban living on individual depression, and reveals the mechanism by which urbanization at different scales affects the prevalence of depression. • This study fueled the debate about depressive disorder from growing cities with a nationwide empirical analysis. • We identified the underlying mechanism by which urban living could protect residents from the obnoxious depression. • Our observation also revealed the contingency of the protective effect of cities against depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a major challenge in the global healthy aging process, and exploring the key factors of depression in urban and rural older adults is essential for differentiated and precise interventions. To explore the urban-rural differences and key influencing factors of depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. The data of 5267 older adults were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS2018). Random forest model and logistic regression were used to analyze the key factors influencing depressive symptoms 19 variables. The detection rate of depressive symptoms in older adults was 31.0 %, with 22.3 % and 34.8 % in urban and rural areas, respectively. Education, self-rated health, self-rated pain, and self-rated vision were common factors. Physical activity (OR = 0.716 for Moderate PA), social activity (OR = 0.671 for social activity), and self-rated hearing (OR = 0.602 for good) were key factors specific to urban older adults, and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.716 for drinking more than once a month) and marital status (OR = 0.689 for cohabitation) were key factors specific to depressive symptoms in rural older adults (all P < 0.05). Cross-sectional data cannot reflect dynamic processes among variables; The cultural background might affect the cross-cultural validity of the study. The key factors of depressive symptoms among older adults in urban and rural areas differed, which provides priority and references for differential prevention and precise intervention of depressive symptoms to promote the process of healthy aging. • Education, self-rated health, pain, and vision are common factors that influence depressive symptoms in older adults. • Physical activity, social activity, and self-rated hearing were key factors specific to urban older adults. • Alcohol consumption and marital status were key factors specific to rural older adults. • The combination of random forest and logistic regression achieves the importance measurement and analysis of factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]