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After being incubated with animal and human liver microsomes, metabolites of phase I and II were investigated. A comparison was performed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF). Consequently, a total of four phase I metabolites and three glucuronide binding metabolites of T-2 toxin were discovered. Although a significant metabolic difference was observed among six species, HT-2 toxin was the major product in all species. In addition, the in vivo metabolism of T-2 toxin after oral administration was also investigated in chickens, In total, 18 metabolites were detected, of which 13 were novel, to our knowledge, and reported for the first time. To elucidate the structures of these metabolites, besides accurate mass data from their MS and MS2spectra, online hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange technique was also carried out. These new metabolites were regarded as 3′-hydroxy-T-2 3-sulfate, 3′-hydroxy-HT-2 3-sulfate, 4′-hydroxy-HT-2, 3′,4′-dihydroxy-HT-2, 4′-carboxyl-T-2, 4′-carboxyl-HT-2, 4′-carboxyl-4′-hydroxy-T-2, and their isomers, implying that T-2 toxin was metabolized more extensively in animals than previously thought. Furthermore, 3′-hydroxy-HT-2, 4′-carboxyl-T-2, 3′-hydroxy-T-2, HT-2 toxin, and neosolaniol were identified to be the major metabolites of T-2 toxin in chickens. The present study expands existing knowledge about T-2 toxin metabolism, informing assessments of the impact T-2 toxin exposure and metabolism on health.

To explore differences of zearalenone (ZEN) metabolism between various species, phase I and II metabolism by liver microsomes of animals and human were investigated using ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF MS). A total of 24 metabolites were identified, among which 12 were reported for the first time. Reduction, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of ZEN, and significant differences in various species were also observed. Reduction was the main reaction in swine and human, whereas hydroxylation was predominant in rats, chickens, goats, and cows in in vitro systems. Furthemore, in vivo metabolism of ZEN in rats and chickens was investigated, and 23 and 6 metabolites were identified in each species, respectively. Reduction, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways in rats, while reduction and sulfation predominated in chickens. These results further enrich the biotransformation profile of ZEN, providing a helpful reference for assessing the risks to animals and humans.

Brown macroalgae are an important source of polyphenols with multiple health functions. In this work, polyphenol extracts from Lessonia trabeculatewere purified and investigated for the antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo. The purified polyphenol extracts exhibited good antioxidant activities, α-glucosidase and lipase inhibition activities (IC50< 0.25 mg/mL). The HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated that the compounds in polyphenol extracts were mainly phlorotannin derivatives, phenolic acid derivatives, and gallocatechin derivatives. In vivo, C57BL/6J rats treated with polyphenol extracts for 4 weeks had lower fasting blood glucose levels, insulin levels, as well as better serum lipid profiles and antioxidant stress parameters, compared with the diabetic control (DC) group. Histopathology revealed that polyphenol extracts preserved the architecture and function of the liver. Short-chain fatty acid contents in rats’ fecal samples with polyphenols administration were significantly recovered as compared with the DC group. Furthermore, the gut microflora of rats was investigated with high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and results indicated that polyphenol extracts had a positive effect on regulating the dysbiosis of the microbial ecology in diabetic rats. All of the results from the study provided a scientific reference of the potentially beneficial effects of L. trabeculatepolyphenols on diabetes management.

Fraudulent acts regarding honey authenticity that use Apis melliferahoney as a substitute for Apis ceranahoney have garnered considerable concern in China and triggered a trust crisis from consumers. In this study, untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out based on volatile fractions in honey from A. ceranaand A. melliferausing headspace gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). Honey from A. ceranaand A. melliferawas discriminated by HS-GC-IMS profiling, principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis. Tentative markers were identified from p-values and the variable importance in projection analysis and confirmed using the retention index, mass fragments, and reference standards by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A targeted method was established using the headspace solid phase coupled with microextraction GC–MS (HS-SPME-GC–MS) to quantitate the markers. The results demonstrated that the developed untargeted and targeted metabolomics approach performed well when discriminating honey from A. ceranaand A. mellifera.