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The integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics may elucidate the correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic patterns in organisms. In equine physiology, various metabolite levels vary during exercise, which may be correlated with a modified gene expression pattern of related genes. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic studies in horses have not been conducted to date. The objective of this study was to detect the effect of moderate exercise on the metabolomic and transcriptomic levels in horses. In this study, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we analyzed the concentrations of metabolites in muscle and plasma; we also determined the gene expression patterns of branched chain (alpha) keto acid dehydrogenase kinase complex (

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on broiler chick performance, pathogenic bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella) counts in caecal contents and amount of NH3 in excreta. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), 3) T2 (3% FVM), and T3 (5% FVM), and rose for 7 weeks. In results, there were no significant differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass yield. However, giblets were significantly increased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p

Shingu University, Seongnam, 462-743, KoreaABSTRACTThis study was conducted to analyze demerits of the sire evaluation system using annual earnings and to examine relationship between annual earnings and finish time in home-produced thoroughbred racehorses. The average number of progenies and number of starts per sire were 34 heads and 221 times, respectively. On the other hand, the number of progenies with the average age of 2 years and the number of starts were 9 heads and 25 times, respectively. The earnings of the horses with the age of 2 years accounted for 8.3% of annual earnings. The simple correlation coefficient between the number of progenies and the number of starts in annual earnings were 0.922 and 0.934, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the number of progenies and the number of starts was very high(0.985). The number of progenies and starts of sires for the first year of test career were very low(6 heads and 17 times), and there was very close relationship between number of progenies and annual earnings by the year of test career. The number of progenies was over 40 heads during the first 4 years of test career, and as the number of progenies increased the average earning index increased. The average earning index of sires with less than 30 progenies was lower than 1.00. When the number of progenies was less than 10, the average earning index was in the range of 0.06~0.13, indicating that the number of progenies affects much for determining the ranking of sires. The correlation coefficient between breeding value for finish time and annual earnings per start was very high( 0.524~ 0.633) compared with other traits. (Key words : Annual earnings, Number of starts, Average earning index, Test career)

To investigate the influences of candidate genes on the birth weight and the early stages of life, genotyping of the prolactin receptor 3 (PRLR3) and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) genes was performed in 156 and 141 Berkshire pigs, respectively. The frequency of both PRLR3 alleles A and a was 0.50. The frequencies of the RBP4 alleles B and b were 0.42 and 0.58, respectively. Neither locus was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant associations of the PRLR3 alleles with birth or weaning weights and of the RBP4 alleles with birth weight were observed. The proportions of the phenotype variances due to the genotypes of PRLR3 in the feeder weights was 4.0% and those of RBP4 in the weaning and feeder weights were 11.9 and 3.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). The dominance effect of PRLR3 and RBP4 on feeder weights was 2.40 and 1.86 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The additive and dominance effects of RBP4 on weaning weights were 0.332 and 0.682 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). Even if no significant epistasis of PRLR3 and RBP4 was detected, a considerable trend of consistent positive epistasis estimates of AA/BB and Aa/Bb was observed for all traits. The results of this study may have a considerable impact on early-stage growth by both loci, and a selection strategy should be designed separately for each marker in Berkshire pigs. (Key words : Prolactin receptor, Retinol-binding protein, Candidate genes)

This study was carried out to establish the standard karyotype of Jeju horse by G-, C- and AgNOR-banding patterns. Blood samples were collected from 37 Jeju horses and 24 Thoroughbred that had been raised at the National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture in Jeju. The lymphocytes were cultured in vitro and then chromosomes prepared. The diploid chromosome number of Jeju horse is 64, which consists of 31 pairs of autosomes and X, Y sex chromosomes. The Jeju horse has 13 pairs of metacentric/submetacentric and 18 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The X chromosome is the fifth largest submetacentric, while the Y chromosome is one of the smallest acrocentric chromosomes. The G-banding pattern of Jeju horse chromosomes showed a light band at centromeres in all autosomes, and also exhibited a typical and identical banding pattern in each homologous chromosome. Overall chromosomal morphology and positions of typical landmarks of the Jeju horse were virtually identical to those of International Committee for the Standardization of the Domestic Horse Karyotype. C-bands of Jeju horse chromosomes appeared on centromeres of almost all autosomes, but chromosome 8 showed a heterochromatin heteromorphism. The NORs in Jeju horse chromosomes showed polymorphic patterns within breed, individuals and cells. By the AgNOR staining, the NORs were located at the terminal of p-arm on chromosome 1 and near centromeres on the chromosome 26 and 31. The mean number of NORs per metaphase was 4.68 in Jeju horse. (Key words : Jeju horse, G-banding, C-banding, AgNORs, Karyotype)

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is the first identified imprinted gene, which is paternally expressed in multiple mammalian species. A paternally expressed QTL for muscle growth and backfat thickness (BFT) has previously been identified near the IGF2 locus on the distal tip of pig chromosome 2 (SSC2p). Therefore the IGF2 gene is considered an economically important candidate gene for pig industry. Herein, this study explored genetic variation of IGF2 for in3-G3072A, in7-G162C and a new SNP in intron7 (C1589T) in Korean native pig (KNP) and commercial pig breeds, and detected their linkage disequilibrium within these breeds. Furthermore we investigated the effect of in3-G3072A on IGF2 gene expression in post-natal muscle and backfat tissues. The real-time quantitative PCR results showed that animals inherited allele G from a KNP sire had significant higher IGF2 gene expression in backfat tissue than those inherited allele A from a Yorkshire sire, however opposite situation in muscle. These results demonstrated the allele 3072G is associated with a higher IGF2 gene expression in fat tissues, but low gene expression in muscle tissues when compared with the 3072A allele. These results suggest that KNP with lower muscle mass and higher fat deposition might be associated with a higher frequency of the 3072G allele, and selecting KNP based on IGF2 genotypes could result in an economic benefit to KNP producers.

This study was carried out to calculate genetic trends on racing speed traits of Thoroughbred racehorses, using a total 208,043 racing records of 9,934 heads collected from January, 1990 to December, 2006 in Gwacheon racecourse. Repeated time, winning time and annual best time were used racing speed traits. The estimated heritabilities and repeatabilities for repeated time, winning time and annual best time were 0.288, 0.275, 0.341 and 0.502, 0.475, 0.496, respectively. Average phenotypic improvement per race year for racing speed traits were ranged from 0.115 to 0.148 second. The other side, the genetic improvement per race year for repeated time was 0.027 second but winning time and annual best time were not shown consistent trends. Therefore, we concluded that repeated time is recommended improvement trait of Thoroughbred racehorses.( Key words : Repeated time, Winning time, Annual best time, Genetic trend) . 서 론 1922년 경마가 도입된 이래 국내 말 산업은 한국마사회를 중심으로 말의 사육, 조련, 경마의 시행, 경주능력의 향상 등 우수한 국내산마 육성과 국제적 입지구축에 노력해 온 반면, 말 관련 연구는 한국마사회의 출연금 등으로 일부 대학에서 산발적으로 수행하는 정도이다. 2007년 통계에 따르면 경마매출 총액은 6조5천억원, 연간 입장인원 2천2백만명으로 일일 평균 22만명이 경마공원을 찾고 있으며, 2008년 현재 마필 생산기반은 860여 농가에서 18,000여두 사육하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 말 산업이 경마에 심하게 편중되어지면서 사회적으로 사행성이 강조되는 현실이다 보니 말산업 육성 노력은 다소 미흡한 실정이었다. 이러한 현실 속에서 말 산업이 미래 성장산업으로서 농촌 신활력소득, 고용창출, 국민레저문화동력산업으로 정착되고 국산마의 능력을 획기적으로 개량하여 명마 수출국으로 전환함으로서 최우수 경마시행국 진입에 기여한다는 경마혁신대책이 발표되면서 경마의 부정적 이미지 탈피와 경주

본 연구는 한국마사회로부터 수집한 8,197두의 경주기록 총 155,656개를 이용하여 더러브렛 경주마의 체중변화가 주파기록에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 국내 더러브렛 경주마의 평균 체중은 449 kg 이었으며, 거세말, 수말과 암말의 평균 체중은 각각 460 kg, 454 kg과 441 kg으로 수말의 체중이 가장 높게 나타났다. 암말의 경우 체중의 감소는 3월, 4월과 5월사이에 가장 크게 나타나며, 수말과 거세마의 경우 5월, 6월과 7월에 체중의 감소가 가장 크게 나타났다. 전반적으로 경주마의 체중은 봄과 여름에 감소하며, 가을과 겨울에 증가하는 현상을 나타내었다. 주파기록에 대한 유전력과 반복력은 각각 0.237과 0.525였으며, 체중에 대한 유전력은 0.612로 추정되었다. 직전 경주 대비 체중의 변화가 ±10 kg 이상일 때 주파기록은 현저히 증가하였으며, 직전 경주 대비 체중의 변화가 ±20 kg인 경우는 ±5 kg인 경우와 비교했을 때 주파기록의 차이가 0.3초 정도 증가하였다. 체중의 변화가 체중에 비례하여 ±0.5% 정도 변화하였을 때 주파기록이 가장 우수하였으며, 체중의 변화가 체중 대비 ±2.5% 이상이 되면 경주능력은 현저히 감소하였다.(

This study was performed to analyze the sequence variations of mtDNA D-loop and their effects onmilk in Hanwoo(Korean cattle). The resulting sequences were compared with previously publishedsequences for other cattle breeds (GenBank J01394). The Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed toamplify a total of 964 bp between nucleotide 15758 and 383 within D-loop region of mtDNA usingspecific primers. Twenty polymorphic sites by nucleotide substitution were found in mtDNA D-loopregion of Hanwoo. The frequencies of positions at 8, 169, 16042, 16051, 16057, 16093, 16119, 16122,16209, 16255 and 16302 nt with high levels of sequence polymorphism were 0.150, 0.950, 0.085, 0.138,0.106, 0.085, 0.138, 0.212, 0.085, 0.148 and 0.180, respectively. The substitution effect at 16119(p 0.1)and 16185(p 0.05) nt was found significant on milk production. Polymorphism of mtDNA sequence inD-loop region could be useful for the analysis of cytoplasmic genetic variation and associations with theother economically important traits and maternal lineage analysis in Hanwoo.(

The identification of the leptin gene in 1994 and it's adipocytes specific protein leptin has provided the firstphysiological links to the regulatory system controlling body weight and fat deposits. The meat tastes ismainly determined by quantify and quality of triglyceride stored in adipose tissue. This study was conducted toanalyze genetic characteristics of Hanwoo leptin gene and also to investigate the association of DNA markerwith some economic meat traits for Hanwoo.The leptin hormone gene polymorphisms were identified by digestion with Kpn2 and Msp . Slaughterweight(SWT), slaughter percentage(SP), longissimus muscle area(LMA), beef marbling score(MS) and back fatthickness(BF) were compared among three genotypes by PCR-RFLP and showed significant differencesamong genotypes. PCR-RFLP( Kpn2 ) were detected significant for SP, MS and BF. The allele was associatedwith fatter carcasses and C allele with leaner carcasses.( Key words : Hanwoo, Leptin gene, PCR-RFLP, Marbling score, Meat quality)Corresponding author : Gwang-Joo Jeon, Genomic Informatics Center, Hankyong National University, 67Sukjong-dong, Ansung-city, Kyonggi-do, 456-749, Korea. Tel : 82-031-670-5331 Fax :82-031-675-5331, E-mail : gjjeon@hnu.hankyong.ac.kr

The purpose of this study was to detect association between genetic variation and economic trait in the porcine heart type fatty acid-binding protein gene as a candidate gene for the traits related with growth and meat quality in pigs. The H-FABP is a 15-kDa protein expressed in several tissues with high demand for fat metabolism such as cardiac and skeletal muscle and lactating mammary gland. H-FABP is small intracellular protein involved in fatty acid transport from the plasma membrane to the site of -oxidation and/or triacylglycerol or phospholipid synthesis. In this study, H-FABP PCR-RFLP was performed in F population composed of 214 individuals from an intercross between Korean Native Boars and Landrace sows. PCR products from two primer sets within H-FABP gene were amplified in 850bp and 700bp. Digestion of PCR products with the restriction digestion enzymes HaeⅢ and HinfⅠ, revealed fragment length polymorphisms(RFLPs). The genotype frequencies from H-FABP/HaeⅢ was .29 for genotype DD, .53 for genotype Dd, and .15 for genotype dd, respectively. The genotype frequencies of HH, Hh, and hh from H-FABP/HinfⅠ was .38, .41 and .20, respectively, in the population. Relationships between their genotypes and economic traits were estimated. In H-FABP/HaeⅢ locus, there were specific genotypes(Dd and dd) associated with economic traits such as body weights at 3, 5, 12, and 30 week of age (p〈.05 to .001). The ‘d’ allele was associated with gaining of body weight. In H-FABP/HinfⅠ locus, Genotypes of HH and Hh associated with growth traits such as body weights at 5, 12, and 30 week of age (p〈.05 or p〈.001) and back fat thickness, body fat including abdominal and trimmed fat (p〈.001) and intramuscular fat(p〈.05) The ‘H’ allele was positively associated with gaining of body weight and fatness deposition. In conclusion, a significant association of the H-FABP gene from its genetic variation was found on body weight, intramuscular fat and backfat thickness.

This study was carried out to investigate a usefulness of the microsatellite DNA markers for individual identification and parentage verification in three dog breeds. A total of 59 random dog (31 Chiwawa, 20 Poongsan, 8 Labrador Retriever) samples were genotyped by using 14 markers (Chiwawa dog), 16 markers (Poongsan dog), and 12 markers (Labrador Retriever dog) among the 17 international standard markers (PEZ1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, FHC2010, FHC2054 and FHC2079), respectively. The number of alleles per locus varied from 4 to 14 with a mean value of 6.07 in Chiwawa dog, 2 to 9 with a mean of 4.75 in Poongsan dog, and 3 to 5 with a mean of 4.00 in Labrador Retriever dog. Observed heterozygosity was ranged 0.419q0.968 (mean 0.755), 0.300q0.950 (mean 0.597) and 0.125q0.750 (mean 0.604), and expected heterozygosity was ranged 0.432q0.883 (mean 0.711), 0.262q0.817 (mean 0.559) and 0.425q0.808 (mean 0.660) in these three dog breeds. PIC value was ranged 0.397q0.856 (mean 0.659), 0.222q0.772 (mean 0.503) and 0.354q0.717 (mean 0.563) in these three dog breeds. Of the 17 markers, PEZ1, PEZ3, PEZ6, PEZ10, PEZ12 loci, PEZ1, PEZ6, PEZ13 loci, and PEZ8, PEZ12 loci have relatively high PIC value ( %0.7) in Chiwawa dog, Poongsan dog and Labrador Retriever dog, respectively. The exclusion probability was ranged 0.240q0.741, 0.111q0.616, and 0.198q0.529, and the combination of microsatellite loci was 0.9999, 0.9991, and 0.9968 in Chiwawa dog, Poongsan dog and Labrador Retriever dog, respectively. These results can give basic information for developing parentage verification and individual identification system in these three dog breeds.(