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Deals with a study which verified the smooth-approximation theory for a space-charge dominated beam in an axisymmetric periodic focusing channel. Review of the smooth-approximation theory for an axisymmetric focusing channel; Analysis of the image signals; Significance of the spherical aberration effect in solenoidal focusing system.

Fe3O4 thin films with a thickness of about 140 nm have been deposited on MgO (001) substrates by reactive sputtering. Microstructural studies indicated that monocrystalline Fe3O4 thin films were epitaxially grown on the MgO substrates with a cubic-on-cubic orientation relationship with respect to the substrates. Strain field due to slight lattice mismatch between the films and substrates was observed. The saturation moment and the coercivity for in-plane magnetization hysteresis loop were 235 emu/cc and 500 Oe, respectively. The lower saturation moment value of the Fe3O4 thin film suggested that the strain field may play a role in the reduction of magnetization. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]