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The main physiological and biochemical characteristics and elemental composition of three lichen species of the genus Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. in one habitat were studied using spectroscopic methods. The model species were placed in the following order of decreasing degree of anthropotolerance: H. physodes (L.) Nyl. → H. tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav. → H. vittata (Ach.) Parrique. The contents of chlorophylls a and b, phenolic compounds, pheophytinization quotient, and antiradical activity were determined by a spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant activity was determined by an amperometric method. The physiological and biochemical parameters for each of the three species corresponded to those for background ecotopes. These parameters and the integrity of the system of correlations between the parameters were lower in species with a low degree of anthropotolerance. Twenty-three elements were found in thalli of the model species using atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. They included macro- and microelements, heavy metals, and metalloids. The maximum concentrations of most elements were found in H. vittata; the minimum concentrations, in H. physodes. An analysis of the interaction between the physiological and biochemical characteristics and the contents of the elements indicated the presence of a complex system of correlations in each species. Differences in this system of correlations may have been due to the specific composition of secondary metabolites, which determine the features of adaptive reactions. The use of various optical spectroscopy methods enabled an evaluation of not only the functional specificity of the studied species but also its connection to their anthropotolerance level. Low resistance to anthropogenic influences was combined with lower coordination of physiological and biochemical characteristics and low integrity of the system of correlations. The most vulnerable species H. vittata had the minimal values of the main functional parameters, a poorer correlation of them with the elemental composition, and higher concentrations of some toxic elements. The use of a complex analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics and elemental compositions using various spectral methods was crucial for the bioindication and ecological physiology of lichens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main physiological and biochemical characteristics and elemental composition of the lichens Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr., Parmelia sulcata Taylor, Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., and H. tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav. growing under insignificant anthropogenic impacts in one habitat were studied using optical spectroscopy analysis. The first three species are often used as indicators in biomonitoring based on spectral analysis data. The contents of chlorophylls a and b, total nitrogen, and phenolic compounds and antiradical activity were determined by a spectrophotometric method. The pheophytinization quotient (PQ) was calculated. The antioxidant activity was determined by an amperometric method. The physiological and biochemical parameters revealed in all four species indicated their habitat corresponded to the background. The physiological characteristics correlated to varying degrees among themselves. Twenty-two elements including macro- and microelements, heavy metals, and metalloids were detected in lichen thalli using ICP-AES spectroscopy. The maximum differences in metal contents were found in X. parietina and H. tubulosa. An analysis of the interrelationship of the physiological and biochemical characteristics, elemental composition, and metal contents made it possible to identify complex systems of correlations in each species. Differences in their structure may be associated with the specifics of the secondary metabolite composition, which determines the features of adaptive reactions and the degree of tolerance of the species. The use of a complex analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics and the elemental composition using various spectral methods is important for the development of the bioindication and ecological physiology of lichens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physiological and biochemical parameters and elemental composition of Hypogymnia physodes lichen samples from various phytocenoses differing in lighting conditions and atmospheric humidity were studied. A significant increase in the chlorophyll a and nitrogen contents, the maximal pheophytinization coefficient, and the minimum content of phenolic compounds were observed in H. physodes thalli under severe shading conditions in a spruce forest. Most of these biochemical parameters reached their minimum values with high insolation in birch and pine forests except for the content of phenolic compounds, which reached the maximum value. ICP–AES analysis of H. physodes thalli detected 20 elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W, Zn) that were found in lichen samples from all studied natural phytocenoses except for Mo, which was absent in samples from a black alder forest. The maximum concentrations for almost half of the elements (Al, B, Fe, K, Mo, Na, Sn, Ti, V) were determined in samples from the spruce forest where the thalli were more often and consistently hydrated because of the high and more stable humidity level. A complex system of correlation relationships was established based on an analysis of cross-correlations of the physiological and biochemical parameters and the metal concentrations in the samples. The results indicated a high coordination of various physiological processes. Chlorophyll a played a crucial role in maintaining their consistency with changing environmental conditions. Its content was associated with a more significant number of different parameters and elemental concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributions of heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) in forest reserves of Tver city districts were studied by ecological monitoring using inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. A total of 14 HMs were detected in two lichen species (Hypogymnia physodes, Xanthoria parietina); 13, in soil samples. TM spectra were similar in both species at all studied model territories. The TM contents in lichens and soil were different and due to specific absorption of ecotoxins by living objects. The nature of HM accumulation and indicator abilities of the lichens depended on the anthropogenic impacts on the territory, ecological factors, and specifi cs of the lichen chemical compositions. Hypogymnia physodes had greater indicator value on anthropogenically impacted territories; X. parietina, in undisturbed phytocenoses. Each of these species could reliably detect Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, V, and Pb. Sn and Cr were absorbed more by X. parietina; Ni and Co, H. physodes, which should be considered in monitoring studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll a and b contents in Hypogymnia physodes specimens collected from various economic areas and natural complexes of Tver Region were found to differ substantially using a spectrophotometric method, showing that the lichen photosynthetic system is highly adaptable. The chlorophyll b content was linked primarily to adaptation to specific environmental features in various plant communities. The chlorophyll a content changed to provide the necessary compensatory responses under technogenic stress. A total of 15 metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, V, and Zn) were detected in H. physodes samples using inductively coupled plasma atomicemission spectroscopy (ICP AES). The most widespread of them were Fe, Al, and Ti. Significant correlations among the concentrations of these metals and the chlorophyll a content were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the chemical composition of lichens exposed to pollutants are investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy. According to model experiments, alkyl nitrates, ammonium salts, amines, and sulfones develop in the lichen thallus through the action of ammonia and nitric and sulfuric acids. Spectroscopic data of modeling experiments enabled nitrogen- and sulfur-containing substances to be identified as the main air pollutants in the vicinity of a pig-breeding complex and information to be obtained on the content of the pollutants and their impact on the lichens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the level of atmospheric pollution in different urban recreational areas using analysis of the chemical composition of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes by Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy. We have developed a procedure for determining the dominant pollutant, its concentration, and the degree of its impact on the structure of the lichen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]