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When a tornado lofts debris to the height of the radar beam, a signature known as the tornadic debris signature (TDS) can sometimes be observed on radar. The TDS is a useful signature for operational forecasters because it can confirm the presence of a tornado and provide information about the amount of damage occurring. Since real-time estimates of tornadic intensity do not have a high degree of accuracy, past studies have hypothesized that the TDS could also be an indicator of the strength of a tornado. However, few studies have related the tornadic wind field to TDS characteristics because of the difficulty of obtaining accurate, three-dimensional wind data in tornadoes from radar data. With this in mind, the goals of this study are twofold: 1) to investigate the relationships between polarimetric characteristics of TDSs and the three-dimensional tornadic winds, and 2) to define relationships between polarimetric radar variables and debris characteristics. Simulations are performed using a dual-polarization radar simulator called SimRadar; large-eddy simulations (LESs) of tornadoes; and a single-volume, T -matrix-based emulator. Results show that for all simulated debris types increases in horizontal and vertical wind speeds are related to decreases in correlation coefficient and increases in TDS area and height and that, conversely, decreases in horizontal and vertical wind speeds are related to increases in correlation coefficient and decreases in TDS area and height. However, the range of correlation coefficient values varies with debris type, indicating that TDSs that are composed of similar debris types can appear remarkably different on radar in comparison with a TDS with diverse scatterers. Such findings confirm past observational hypotheses and can aid operational forecasters in tornado detection and potentially the categorization of damage severity using radar data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain accurate radar-measured wind measurements in tornadoes, differences between air and Doppler velocities must be corrected. These differences can cause large errors in radar estimates of maximum tangential wind speeds, and large errors in single-Doppler retrievals of radial and vertical velocities. Since larger scatterers (e.g., debris) exhibit larger differences from air velocities compared to small scatterers (e.g., raindrops), the dominant scatterer type affecting radar measurements is examined. In this study, radar variables are simulated for common weather radar frequencies using debris and raindrop trajectories computed with a large-eddy simulation model and two electromagnetic scattering models. These simulations include a large range of raindrop and wood board sizes and concentrations, and reveal the significant frequency dependence of the equivalent reflectivity factor and Doppler velocity. At S band, dominant scatterers are wood boards, except when wood board concentrations are very low. In contrast, raindrops are the dominant scatterers at Ka and W bands even when large concentrations of wood boards are present, except for low raindrop concentrations. Dual-wavelength velocity differences exhibit high correlation with air and Doppler velocity differences for most cases, which may enable direct measurements of scatterer-induced Doppler velocity bias in tornadoes. Moreover, dual-wavelength ratios are shown to exhibit strong correlations with dominant scatterer size, except when Rayleigh scatterers are dominant. Finally, vertical velocity retrievals are shown to exhibit lower errors at high frequencies, and large errors remain at centimeter wavelengths even after debris centrifuging corrections are applied in cases with high debris concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]