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Background: The role of malocclusion in the aetiology of TMDs has been discussed extensively in literature, however, the varied results from different studies have made it difficult to reach a consensus. The objective of this study was to determine the association of dental characteristics and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs)., Methods: This case-control study involved a total of 266 patients who were equally divided into 2 groups (TMD/Non-TMD) based on the score obtained from the Fonseca's questionnaire. Dental characteristics such as class of malocclusion, overjet, overbite, crossbite, and crowding were assessed. The Chi-square test was used to determine an association between each dental characteristic and TMD. Odds ratios were calculated using simple and multiple logistic regression., Results: Significant associations were found between crowding, crossbites, and molar relationships in males. Simple logistic regression showed significant associations for class II malocclusion (OR=0.56, p=0.024) and crowding (OR=0.35, p<0.001) with TMD. Multiple logistic regression showed significant associations for crowding (p<0.001) and class III malocclusion (p=0.002)., Conclusions: Male patients with dental characteristics such as improper molar relationships, crossbites, and crowding should seek orthodontic treatment to prevent the onset of TMDs. Higher odds of TMD were found in patients with Angle's class III malocclusion.

Background: The impaction of maxillary third molars causes the crowns of maxillary first and second molars to tip distally in patients with maxillary posterior segment discrepancy. The aim of this study was to compare the maxillary first and second molar angulations in patients with maxillary posterior segment discrepancy (MPSD) with non-maxillary posterior segment discrepancy (N-MPSD) and evaluate the effect of their angulations on various divergence patterns., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of 180 subjects which were divided into two groups, i.e., MPSD and N-MPSD. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare various skeletal and dental parameters between the two groups and a pairwise comparison was made among the vertical growth patterns. The Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare the mean molar angulations and overbite among the three divergence patterns., Results: The ratio of anterior to total palatal plane (p≤0.001) and the molar angulation (p≤0.001) showed significant differences between the MPSD and N-MPSD groups. In the MPSD group, significant differences were found between the overbite in the normo-divergent versus hyperdivergent (p≤0.001) and hypodivergent versus hyperdivergent groups (p≤0.001), and in the angulation of the first maxillary molars in the normo-divergent versus hyperdivergent groups (p≤0.001)., Conclusions: MPSD causes reduced maxillary first and second molar angulations. A ratio of the anterior palatal plane to total palatal plane length of ≥0.51 was seen in patients with impacted maxillary third molars.

Background: The growth of sella turcica is completed early in life, therefore it can be used as a stable landmark for the prediction of future skeletal malocclusions. This early diagnosis may help in planning less complicated treatment modalities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sella turcica dimensions and morphology with various skeletal patterns., Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using the pre-treatment cephalograms of 180 subjects aged 13-19 years. The subjects were divided into two groups based on skeletal patterns. The dimensions of sella turcica and skeletal patterns were digitally measured using View Pro-X software. One-way ANOVA was applied to compare sella turcica dimensions among skeletal patterns. Sella dimensions and vertical growth patterns were compared using Post-hoc Tukey test. Chi-square test was applied to compare sella morphology among malocclusion groups. Results were taken as statistically significant at p-value of ≤0.05., Results: Sella dimensions showed insignificant differences among sagittal groups whereas, significant differences were found for sella length (p≤0.02) and depth (p≤0.03) among the vertical groups. Multiple comparisons showed significant differences between sella length (p≤0.03) and diameter (p≤0.04) between normodivergent versus hyperdivergent groups. Moreover, significant differences were found in the sella turcica morphology among sagittal malocclusion (p≤0.03)., Conclusions: Increased dimensions of sella turcica were associated with hyperdivergent growth pattern. Bridging of the sella turcica was found to be prevalent in class III malocclusion.

Background: Most of the orthodontic cases require a long period of retention which is usually carried out with the help of fixed retainers (FR). One of the downsides of FR is that these are prone to breakages. The aim of the present study was to identify the frequency and factors associated with failure of fixed spiral wire retainers.., Methods: A retrospective crosssectional study was conducted using orthodontic files and dental casts of 126 patients from dental clinics of a tertiary care hospital. Descriptive statistics were applied to calculate the frequency and most common site of breakages. Chi-square test was applied to compare the frequency of breakages among age groups and different retainer spans. Independent sample ttest was used to compare the mean overbite in retainer breakage and retainer intact groups. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant., Results: The frequency of retainer breakage was found to be 53.1%. Maxillary retainer breakages were found in 41.3% subjects whereas mandibular retainer failed in 22.2% subjects. The mean survival time of retainer was 8.91±4.57 months. The detachment of the retainer from the tooth surface was the most common occurrence (86%). The most common site of retainer breakage was maxillary canine (32.5%) and mandibular central incisor (12.7%). All the subjects who had retainers extending till maxillary molars encountered breakages.., Conclusions: A longer retainer span is associated with a greater risk of breakage. Failure rate in the maxillary arch was higher than the mandibular arch. The most common sites were the maxillary canine and mandibular central incisor. The most common pattern was wire detachment.

Background: External apical root resorption (EARR) is one of the detrimental outcomes of an orthodontic treatment. The study was aimed to compare the mean EARR between endodontically treated and its contralateral vital tooth in adult orthodontic subjects., Methods: A total of 30 subjects were included in the study. EARR was evaluated on pretreatment and post-treatment orthopantomograms using Rogan Delft View Pro-X software. Equal number of endodontically treated and their contralateral vital teeth were evaluated. Linge and Linge method was used to evaluate the pretreatment and post-treatment root lengths. For comparison of EARR between genders, treatment type and vital versus endodontically treated teeth, Mann-Whitney U Test was applied. Spearman correlation was applied to determine the correlation of EARR with age of the patient, duration of treatment and pretreatment root length. A probability value of ≤0.05 was kept as statistically significant., Results: Vital teeth showed more root resorption as compared to endodontically treated teeth and in females as compared to males. A weak positive correlation was found between the root resorption and patient's age & pretreatment root length. In vital teeth, a weak negative correlation was appeared between root resorption and duration of the treatment. However, none of these correlations were significant., Conclusions: EARR appeared to be greater in vital as compared to the root filled teeth and in females as compared to the males. However, EARR was not significantly correlated with duration of treatment, age of patient and pretreatment root length.

Background: The present study aimed at assessing the relationship between growth changes in maxillary (MS) and sphenoid sinus (SS) and cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) and to evaluate their reliability and validity in assessing the skeletal maturity of an individual., Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted on the pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 224 patients (males=116, females=108) aged 8-17 years. MS and SS heights, widths and indices were evaluated. The subjects were classified according to six stages based on CVM using Baccetti's method. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare MS and SS measurements at different cervical stages for each gender. Kappa statistics, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity were calculated to test the diagnostic accuracy of MS and SS indices., Results: The MS and SS indices varied significantly (p<0.001) at different cervical stages for both gender. Kappa statistics showed significant agreement using MS (p<0.001) and SS indices (p<0.05). The diagnostic performance of MS index (Sensitivity ≥71%) was found to be better than SS index (Sensitivity ≥65%).., Conclusions: The MS height, width and index in genders and SS height, width and index in males and only SS width and index in females were significantly associated with the CVM stages. The validity of MS and SS indices were comparable for females; whereas, the MS index offers significant advantage over SS index for the assessment of growth status of males.

Background: One of the first concerns of new orthodontic patients, apart from the outcome, is the duration of treatment. A better understanding of orthodontic treatment duration as well as factors affecting the treatment duration is useful for efficient patient counselling and improved clinical practice. Hence, the objectives of this study are to compare the treatment durations of subjects with Class I and Class II division 1 (II/1) malocclusions, and to identify the factors affecting the treatment duration of these malocclusions., Methods: This was a chart review conducted in the orthodontic department of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. The study sample comprised of 120 subjects and data were recorded from their treatment records. ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc were performed to determine the difference in treatment durations of Class I and Class II/1 malocclusions, whereas multiple linear regression was applied to identify the factors affecting the treatment duration. A level of significance (p≤0.05) was used for the statistical tests., Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the treatment durations of Class I and Class II/1 non-extraction (p=0.007), Class I non-extraction and Class II/1 extraction (p=0.001), and Class I and II/1 extraction (p=0.004) groups. The factors significantly increasing the treatment duration included missed appointments, breakages, and lower incisor proclination., Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment of Class II/1 malocclusion lasts longer than that of Class I malocclusion. Prolonged treatment time is associated with missed appointments, band/bracket debonds and increased lower incisor inclination. The variance in treatment time can be explained most significantly by number of missed appointments and breakages.

Background: Class-1 malocclusion commonly presents with crowding and poses an aesthetic concern to patients. An orthodontist may encounter a variety of dental problems and must handle them strategically to establish adequate occlusal relationships. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the occlusal characteristics of patients who have undergone non-extraction or all first premolars extraction treatment for class I malocclusion using the peer assessment rating (PAR) index., Methods: The pre-treatment and post treatment dental casts of 94 subjects with class-I malocclusion were retrospectively screened. The sample was distributed into two groups, i.e., nonextraction and all first premolars extraction groups. The Mann Whitney-U test was used to compare the mean percentage improvement in the PAR scores between the two groups. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: The mean percentage improvement in the non-extraction group was 74.28% in the non-extraction group and 74.5% in the all first premolars extraction group. A significant difference (p=0.04) was found between the pretreatment PAR scores for the two treatment modalities. There was no significant difference between the post treatment PAR scores (p=0.45) and the mean percentage improvement in PAR scores (p=0.41) between the treatment groups., Conclusions: The improvement in occlusal characteristics in patients who underwent non-extraction treatment and all first premolar extraction treatment was comparable as assessed through mean percentage improvement in PAR scores.

Background: The position and arrangement of teeth as well as the entire scheme of occlusion differs from one individual to the other .The purpose of this study was to examine differences in position and inclination of incisors, overjet, overbite and lower arch crowding in subjects with different depths of curve of Spee and to determine correlations between depth of curve of Spee and these variables., Methods: The sample comprised of 114 patients (55 females and 59 males) with fully erupted permanent second molars (age 12-25 years), having no history of previous orthodontic treatment, no craniofacial anomalies, and no missing permanent teeth. Study parameters were assessed by using pretreatment lateral cephalograms and dental casts of orthodontic patients. The entire sample was divided into three groups according to depth of curve of Spee (mild Spee=38, moderate Spee=38, severe Spee=38). Descriptive statistics were calculated. Differences between the Spee groups were assessed by analysis of variance. In addition, correlation coefficients were calculated between curve of Spee and other parameters., Results: Statistically significant differences were found in upper incisor inclination (p=0.000), lower incisor inclination (p=0.003), Steiner's mandibular plane angle (p=0.000), overjet (p=0.001), overbite (p=0.000) and irregularity index (p=0.008) among the Spee groups. Moreover, statistically significant positive correlations were found between curve of Spee and overjet, overbite and irregularity index. Upper and lower incisor inclinations as well as mandibular plane angle were found to have statistically significant but negative correlations with curve of Spee., Conclusions: Overjet and overbite in severe Spee group are larger than in mild and moderate Spee groups. There is negative correlation between curve of Spee depth and inclinations of upper and lower incisors. There is positive correlation between curve of Spee depth and severity of lower anterior crowding and Steiner's mandibular plane angle.

Background: Correction of deep bite is crucial for maintenance of dental hard and soft tissue structures and for prevention of temporomandibular joint disorders. Exploration of underlying skeletal and dental factors is essential for efficient and individualized treatment planning. To date etiological factors of dental and skeletal deep bite have not been explored in Pakistani orthodontic patients. The objectives of this study were to explore frequencies of dental and skeletal etiological factors in deep bite patients and to determine correlations amongst dental and skeletal etiological factors of deep bite., Methods: The study included a total of 113 subjects (males=35; females=78) with no craniofacial syndromes or prior orthodontic treatment. Pre-treatment orthodontic records were used to evaluate various dental and skeletal parameters. Descriptive statistics of each parameter were calculated. The various study parameters were correlated using Pearson's Correlation., Results: Deep curve of Spee was most frequently seen factor of dental deep bite (72.6%), followed by increased coronal length of upper incisors (28.3%), retroclined upper incisors (17.7%), retroclined lower incisors (8%) and increased coronal length of lower incisors (5.3%). Decreased gonial angle was most commonly found factor of skeletal deep bite (43.4%), followed by decreased mandibular plane angle (27.4%) and maxillary plane's clockwise rotation (26.5%). Frankfort mandibular plane angle and gonial angle showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.66, p=0.000)., Conclusions: Reduced gonial angle is most frequently seen skeletal factor, signifying the importance of angulation and growth of ramus in development of deep bite. Deep curve of Spee is most frequently seen dental etiological component in deep bite subjects, hence signifying the importance of intruding the lower anterior teeth.

Background: The emergence of soft tissue paradigm in orthodontics has made various soft tissue parameters an integral part of the orthodontic problem list. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare various facial soft tissue parameters on lateral cephalograms among patients with short, average and long facial patterns., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the lateral cephalograms of 180 adult subjects divided into three equal groups, i.e., short, average and long face according to the vertical facial pattern. Incisal display at rest, nose height, upper and lower lip lengths, degree of lip procumbency and the nasolabial angle were measured for each individual. The gender differences for these soft tissue parameters were determined using Mann-Whitney U test while the comparison among different facial patterns was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test., Results: Significant differences in the incisal display at rest, total nasal height, lip procumbency, the nasolabial angle and the upper and lower lip lengths were found among the three vertical facial patterns. A significant positive correlation of nose and lip dimensions was found with the underlying skeletal pattern. Similarly, the incisal display at rest, upper and lower lip procumbency and the nasolabial angle were significantly correlated with the lower anterior facial height., Conclusion: Short facial pattern is associated with minimal incisal display, recumbent upper and lower lips and acute nasolabial angle while the long facial pattern is associated with excessive incisal display, procumbent upper and lower lips and obtuse nasolabial angle.

Background: Angle's paradigm has ruled the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning for past several decades, but the recent introduction of the soft tissue paradigm has significantly changed the dynamics of orthodontic practice. This study was designed to identify skeletal analyses that best correlates with the parameters use to assess facial soft tissue profile that may lead to an accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment plan., Methods: A total of 192 subjects (96 males and 96 females; mean age 22.95 ± 4.75 years) were included in the study. The total sample was distributed into three equal groups (i.e., long, normal and short face) on the basis of soft tissue vertical pattern. Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms were used to assess various vertical linear and angular parameters. Various skeletal analyses and soft tissue parameters were correlated using the Pearson's correlation in different vertical groups, separately for males and females., Results: In males, a weak positive correlation (r = 0.485) was found between skeletal anterior facial height ratio (Sk. LAFH/TAFH) and soft tissue anterior facial height ratio (LAFH/TAFH'), whereas in females maxillary-mandibular plane angle (MMA) showed a weak positive correlation (r = 0.300). In the long face group, a positive but a weak correlation (r = 0.349) was present between cranial base angle (SN-GoGn) and LAFH/TAFH'., Conclusions: Skeletal analyses (MMA, Sk. LAFH/TAFH) significantly correlated to soft tissue parameters. Males andlong faced individuals showed a higher correlation between skeletal and soft tissue parameters as compared to that of the females.

Background: Functional appliances have been used since many decades for the correction of mandibular retrognathism. Similar oral appliances are a treatment modality for patients with Obstructive sleep apnoea. Hence, interception at the right age with these growth modification appliances might benefit a child from developing long-term respiratory insufficiency. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to assess the short-term effects of Twin block appliance (CTB) on pharyngeal airway size in subjects with skeletal Class-II pattern in a sample of Pakistani population., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from orthodontic records of 62 children (31 males, 31 females) with retrognathic mandibles using lateral cephalograms obtained at initial visit and after CTB treatment. Paired t-test was used to compare the pre-functional and post-functional treatment airway size. Independent sample t-test was used for comparison between the genders and statistical significance was kept at ≤ 00.5., Results: The upper airway width (p < 0.001), nasopharyngeal depth (p = 0.03) and upper airway thickness (p = 0.008) was substantially improved after CTB treatment. Males showed a greater increase in upper airway width (p = 0.03) and nasopharyngeal depth (p = 0.01) in comparison to the females., Conclusion: Functional appliance therapy can improve the narrow pharyngeal airway of growing children presenting with deficient mandibles having Class-II skeletal pattern.

Background: The position of cephalometric points A and B are liable to be affected by alveolar remodelling caused by orthodontic tooth movement during incisor retraction. This study was conducted to evaluate the change in positions of cephalometric points A and B in sagittal and vertical dimensions due to change in incisor inclinations., Methods: Total sample of 31 subjects were recruited into the study. The inclusion criteria were extraction of premolars in upper and lower arches, completion of growth and orthodontic treatment. The exclusion criteria were patients with craniofacial anomalies and history of orthodontic treatment. By superimposition of pre and post treatment tracings, various linear and angular parameters were measured. Various tests and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to determine changes in outcome variables. Statistically significant p-value was < or = 0.05., Results: One-sample t-test showed that change in position of only point A was statistically significant which was 1.61 mm (p<0.01) in sagittal direction and 1.49 mm (p<0.01) in vertical direction. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that if we retrocline upper incisor by 10 degrees, the point A will move superiorly by 0.6 mm., Conclusions: Total change in the position of point A is in a downward and forward direction. Total Change in upper incisors inclinations causes change in position of point A only in vertical direction.

Background: Dental crowding is the one of the most frequently encountered problem for an orthodontist. The relationship between crowding and various skeletal, dental and soft tissue parameters is important to establish and consider during the overall orthodontic treatment planning. This study aimed to determine the correlation of maxillary and mandibular base lengths with dental arch crowding in different malocclusions and to evaluate the gender dimorphism for these variables., Methods: A sample of 120 subjects divided into three skeletal malocclusions was further subdivided based on amount of mandibular arch crowding. Maxillary and mandibular base lengths and dental arch crowding were measured on pre-treatment lateral cephalograms and initial casts using vernier calliper respectively. Inter-group comparisons were assessed by univariate analysis of variance. Correlation between base lengths and dental crowding was assessed by Pearson's correlation (p≤0.05)., Results: Statistically significant differences were found for maxillary (p=0.008) and mandibular base lengths (p=0.000) between different skeletal malocclusions. Mandibular base length was significantly larger in males (p=0.000). Mandibular crowding was highest in class-II and lowest in class-I (p=0.01). A significant but weak negative correlation was found between dental crowding and maxillary (r=-0.28, p=0.02) and mandibular (r=-0.20, p=0.02) base lengths, significant but moderate positive correlation between maxillary and mandibular base lengths (r=0L566, -0.000) and between maxillary and mandibular crowding (r=-0.408, p-0.000)., Conclusions: Maxillary and mandibular base lengths are largest in skeletal class-II and class-III malocclusions respectively. Mandibular base length is larger in males as compared to females. An increase in amount of dental crowding is weakly associated with smaller skeletal base lengths.

Background: The norms of Pakistani female patients differ from other Asian patients, this difference should be considered during diagnosis and treatment planning and they should be treated with different protocols in terms of tooth extraction and non-extraction treatments. The present study will provide clinical guidelines to assist in the decision-making process for borderline patients when considering extraction or non-extraction in the orthodontic treatment plan., Methods: Panels of 40 dentists and 40 laypersons evaluated randomly presented pre- treatment and post-treatment soft-tissue profiles of 30 extraction and 30 non-extraction female patients. Borderline patients were selected based on their initial diagnostic records. Two panels were asked to compare the pre-treatment and post-treatment soft tissue profile tracings and to quantify their perceptions of the aesthetic impact of treatment change using a visual analogue scale (VAS)., Results: The mean VAS scores of dentists and laypersons for extraction treatment strategy were +23.03±27.89 and +19.41±26.79 mm (p=0.182) respectively. For non-extraction treatment strategy, mean VAS scores of dentists and laypersons were +12.51?26.56 and +14.55±21.22 mm (p=0.448) respectively. The mean change in lower lip protrusion after extraction treatment was 2.15±3.38 mm (p=0.002) and after non-extraction treatment was 0.83+2.75 mm (p=0.109)., Conclusions: No significant difference was found between dentists and laypersons in their perception of aesthetic impact of a treatment strategy. There was significant change in lower lip protrusion only after the extraction treatment strategy.

Background: Correction of orthodontic asymmetries is crucial to achieve functional occlusion, aesthetics and stability of post orthodontic treatment results. To date valid frequency data of dentofacial asymmetries in Pakistani orthodontic patients do not exist to document orthodontic treatment need. The objectives of this study were to determine frequency of dento-facial asymmetries, severity of dental asymmetries and to determine difference in frequency of dentofacial asymmetries in mixed and permanent dentition., Methods: The sample of this cross-sectional study comprised of 280 patients (177 females and 103 males) with no history of previous orthodontic treatment having no craniofacial anomalies. Dento-facial asymmetries were assessed from pre-treatment records of patients. Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequency of dentofacial asymmetries and severity of dental asymmetries. Chi-square test was used to determine difference in frequency of dentofacial asymmetries in mixed and permanent dentition., Results: Seventy eight percent (219) of patients had noncoincident midlines, 67.5% (189) had mandibular midline asymmetry, 43.2% (122) had molar asymmetry, 15.7% (44) had mandibular arch asymmetry, 14.3% (40) had maxillary midline asymmetry, 13.6% (38) had maxillary arch asymmetry, 6.1% (17) had nose deviation, and 12.1% (34) had facial asymmetry and chin deviation. In most patients dental midlines were deviated from one another and from facial midline by ¼ lower incisor widths, while molar asymmetry was found in most patients by ¼ cusp width. Mandibular arch asymmetry was more frequent in permanent than mixed dentition (p = 0.054)., Conclusions: Non-coincident dental midline is most commonly seen. Nose deviation is least commonly observed. Mandibular arch asymmetry is more frequent in permanent than mixed dentition.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine any significant difference in nasal profiles amongst subjects in sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns in a sample Pakistani population, and to determine gender dimorphism if any., Material: The sample was divided into three sagittal and groups, namely skeletal Class I, II, and III, and three vertical groups, namely, normo-divergent, hypo-divergent and hyper-divergent vertical skeletal patterns. On way ANOVA was used to find any difference in nasal profiles amongst vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns, and to assess gender dimorphism. respectively., Results: Statistically significant differences were found between Skeletal Class I, II and III for naso-labial angle, naso-mental angle and soft tissue facial convexity. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were also obtained between males and females for nasal length, nasal depth, columella convexity and nasal bone length. Statistically significant differences were observed for nasal depth 2 and naso-labial angle in the vertical groups., Conclusions: Skeletal Class I, II, and III subjects have different nasal profiles. Nasal profiles are significantly different for males and females: hence it should be taken into consideration while planning ideal treatment for patients. Different vertical patterns are also associated with different nasal forms. It is recommended that further research be done to establish norms in our population for nasal profile.

Background: Dental malocclusion is present in all societies but its prevalence varies. Identifying occlusal problems, their incidence and the need for treatment can help to determine the appropriate treatment plan and manpower needed in orthodontics. The aim of the study was to analyze the malocclusion pattern and to provide quantitative information on the pattern of dentofacial characteristics among orthodontic population., Methods: Varying dentofacial characteristics of 156 patients from June 2002 to April 2004, at the orthodontic unit of the Aga Khan University Hospital were analyzed. Cross tabulations of dentofacial characteristics with Angle's classes were evaluated using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Chi-square test was used to find the association and Cramer's V for correlation between the skeletal and Angle's classes., Results: Mean age of the sample was 14 years & two months (SD +/- 4.59) with majority 98 (62.8%) were females. The chief complaints in majority of the patients were 'upper front teeth forward' and 'malaligned teeth'. Angle's Class II (70.5%) and incisor Class II Division 1 (64.7%) were the typical features of the sample. There was an increased overjet in 75% of subjects as a major occlusal finding. No statistically significant differences were found in distribution of Angle's classes and dentofacial characteristics between males and females. Statistically significant association between skeletal and Angle's classes (p < 0.01) was found., Conclusion: The results give a detailed pattern of malocclusion in orthodontic patients and may provide a base line data for planning orthodontic services. There is a strong need of epidemiological survey to find out the prevalence of malocclusion in Pakistani population.