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A transposon site hybridization (TraSH) assay was developed for functional analysis of the Bacillus anthracis genome using a mini-Tnl0 transposon which permitted analysis of 82% of this pathogen's genes. The system, used to identify genes required for generation of infectious anthrax spores, spore germination, and optimal growth on rich medium, was predictive of the contributions of two conserved hypothetical genes for the phenotypes examined.

Staphylococcus aureus infections can be difficult to treat due to both multidrug resistance and the organism's remarkable ability to persist in the host. Persistence and the evolution of resistance may be related to several complex regulatory networks, such as the SOS response, which modifies transcription in response to environmental stress. To understand how S. aureus persists during antibiotic therapy and eventually emerges resistant, we characterized its global transcriptional response to ciprofloxacin. We found that ciprofloxacin induces prophage mobilization as well as significant alterations in metabolism, most notably the up-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, we found that ciprofloxacin induces the SOS response, which we show, by comparison of a wild-type strain and a non-SOS-inducible lexA mutant strain, includes the derepression of 16 genes. While the SOS response of S. aureus is much more limited than those of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, it is similar to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and includes RecA, LexA, several hypothetical proteins, and a likely error-prone Y family polymerase whose homologs in other bacteria are required for induced mutation. We also examined induced mutation and found that either the inability to derepress the SOS response or the lack of the LexA-regulated polymerase renders S. aureus unable to evolve antibiotic resistance in vitro in response to UV damage. The data suggest that up-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and induced mutation facilitate S. aureus persistence and evolution of resistance during antibiotic therapy.

The sig1 gene, predicted to encode an extracytoplasmic function-type heat shock sigma factor of Deinococcus radiodurans, has been shown to play a central role in the positive regulation of the beat shock operons groESL and dnaKJ. To determine if Sig1 is required for the regulation of additional heat shock genes, we monitored the global transcriptional and proteomic profiles of a D. radiodurans RI sig1 mutant and wild-type cells in response to elevated temperature stress. Thirty-one gene products were identified that showed heat shock induction in the wild type but not in the sig1 mutant. Quantitative real-time PCR experiments verified the transcriptional requirement of Sig1 for the heat shock induction of the mRNA of five of these genes---dnaK, groES, DR1314,pspA, and hsp20, hsp20 appears to encode a new member of the small heat shock protein superfamily, DR1314 is predicted to encode a hypothetical protein with no recognizable orthologs, and pspA is predicted to encode protein involved in maintenance of membrane integrity. Deletion mutation analysis demonstrated the importance in heat shock protection of hsp20 and DR1314. The promoters of dnaKJE, groESL, DR1314, pspA, and hsp20 were mapped and, combined with computer-based pattern searches of the upstream regions of the 26 other Sig1 regulon members, these results suggested that Sig1 might recognize both [[alpha].sup.70]-type and [[alpha].sup.W]-type promoter consensus sequences. These results expand the D. radiodurans Sigl heat shock regulon to include 31 potential new members, including not only factors with cytoplasmic functions, such as groES and dnaK, but also those with extracytoplasmic functions, like pspA.

The endospores of Bacillus anthracis are the infectious particles of anthrax. Spores are dormant bacterial morphotypes able to withstand harsh environments for decades, which contributes to their ability to be formulated and dispersed as a biological weapon. We monitored gene expression in B. anthracis during growth and sporulation using full genome DNA microarrays and matched the results against a comprehensive analysis of the mature anthrax spore proteome. A large portion (~36%) of the B. anthracis genome is regulated in a growth phase-dependent manner, and this regulation is marked by five distinct waves of gene expression as cells proceed from exponential growth through sporulation. The identities of more than 750 proteins present in the spore were determined by multidimensional chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison of data sets revealed that while the genes responsible for assembly and maturation of the spore are tightly regulated in discrete stages, many of the components ultimately found in the spore are expressed throughout and even before sporulation, suggesting that gene expression during sporulation may be mainly related to the physical construction of the spore, rather than synthesis of eventual spore content. The spore also contains an assortment of specialized, but not obviously related, metabolic and protective proteins. These findings contribute to our understanding of spore formation and function and will be useful in the detection, prevention, and early treatment of anthrax. This study also highlights the complementary nature of genomic and proteomic analyses and the benefits of combining these approaches in a single study.

DNA probes identified 631 markers on the genomic map of Mycoplasma genitalium. Mapping of clones by hybridizing 20 overlapping cosmid and lambda clones revealed replica filters containing 856 genomic DNA clones. Hybridization data divided the clones into three groups: clones which hybridized to only one cosmid; clones which hybridized to two adjacent and overlapping cosmids; and clones which hybridized to several cosmids.

Random sequencing facilitates the study of 508 random clones from five Mycoplasma genitalium genomic libraries. It is revealed that 4% of the M. genitalium genome consists of repetitive DNA and many genes present in the genome play a role in different metabolic processes. Horizontal transfer from an unknown source may produce the MgPa adhesin gene, and approximately 390 proteins are encoded by the M. genitalium genome.

The endospores of Bacillus anthracis are the infectious particles of anthrax. Spores are dormant bacterial morphotypes able to withstand harsh environments for decades, which contributes to their ability to be formulated and dispersed as a biological weapon. We monitored gene expression in B. anthracis during growth and sporulation using full genome DNA microarrays and matched the results against a comprehensive analysis of the mature anthrax spore proteome. A large portion (∼36%) of the B. anthracis genome is regulated in a growth phase-dependent manner, and this regulation is marked by five distinct waves of gene expression as cells proceed from exponential growth through sporulation. The identities of more than 750 proteins present in the spore were determined by multidimensional chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison of data sets revealed that while the genes responsible for assembly and maturation of the spore are tightly regulated in discrete stages, many of the components ultimately found in the spore are expressed throughout and even before sporulation, suggesting that gene expression during sporulation may be mainly related to the physical construction of the spore, rather than synthesis of eventual spore content. The spore also contains an assortment of specialized, but not obviously related, metabolic and protective proteins. These findings contribute to our understanding of spore formation and function and will be useful in the detection, prevention, and early treatment of anthrax. This study also highlights the complementary nature of genomic and proteomic analyses and the benefits of combining these approaches in a single study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]