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Introduction: Hepatokines secreted by the liver play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, directly influencing glucose and lipid metabolism. Exercise training is recognized as an effective treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes. This study aims to investigate the impact of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the levels of Fetuin-A and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-2 diabetic rats. Material & Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats aged between 8 and 10 weeks were randomly assigned to three groups (5 rats in each group): healthy control, diabetic, and training diabetic. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin (STZ). The MICT protocol involved eight weeks of continuous running, five days per week, at 55-60% of maximal oxygen consumption. Blood samples were collected 48 hours after the last training session, and serum levels of TNF--A were measured. Results: The observed reductions in Fetuin-A, TNFstatistically significant in the trained group compared to the diabetic group. However, a significant decrease in insulin levels (p=0.002) and insulin resistance (p=0.01) was observed in the trained group compared to the diabetic group. Conclusion: In conclusion, moderate intensity continuous training, as a nonpharmacological intervention, appears to play an effective role in the management of type 2 diabetes by improving insulin resistance and reducing insulin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a public health concern that leads to disability due to chronic pain, stiffness, sleep disturbance, and depression. D-limonene is a racemic mixture of limonene, a natural cyclic monoterpene, and the major component of the oil extracted from the citrus rind with chemo-preventive and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Dlimonene compared with dexamethasone and ibuprofen in bovine fibroblast-like synoviocyte cells (BFLSc) as well as Human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage-like cells. Materials and Methods: BFLSc was isolated from the synovial membrane of the metacarpal joint cartilage of an 8-month-old Holstein. THP-1 cells were prepared by the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Cells were cultivated and exposed to 20 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation without, or in the presence of, ibuprofen, dexamethasone, or D-limonene (7.5µg/ml). The gene expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated by real-time PCR. Concentrations of Nitric Oxide (NO), and Prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) were measured by ELISA methods. Results: The inhibitory effects of D-limonene included dose-dependent decreases in the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins (P < 0.05). The treated cells secreted increased amounts of COX-2, IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2 in response to LPS stimulation in all conditions. D-limonene quenched the gene expression of COX-2, iL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α, in BFLSc, and the production of PGE2 and NO in monocyte/macrophage cells alike dexamethasone, and ibuprofen. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study show that D-limonene probably exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of TNF- α, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS and NO, PGE2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]