1. 25-Hydroxycholesterol Activates the Integrated Stress Response to Reprogram Transcription and Translation in Macrophages*
- Author
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Shibata, Norihito, Carlin, Aaron F, Spann, Nathanael J, Saijo, Kaoru, Morello, Christopher S, McDonald, Jeffrey G, Romanoski, Casey E, Maurya, Mano R, Kaikkonen, Minna U, Lam, Michael T, Crotti, Andrea, Reichart, Donna, Fox, Jesse N, Quehenberger, Oswald, Raetz, Christian RH, Sullards, M Cameron, Murphy, Robert C, Merrill, Alfred H, Brown, H Alex, Dennis, Edward A, Fahy, Eoin, Subramaniam, Shankar, Cavener, Douglas R, Spector, Deborah H, Russell, David W, and Glass, Christopher K
- Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Digestive Diseases ,Genetics ,Nutrition ,Liver Disease ,Animals ,Bone Marrow Cells ,Cholesterol Esters ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Hydroxycholesterols ,Liver X Receptors ,Macrophages ,Mice ,Mice ,Inbred C57BL ,Muromegalovirus ,Orphan Nuclear Receptors ,Oxidative Stress ,Protein Biosynthesis ,Signal Transduction ,Sphingolipids ,Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins ,Transcription ,Genetic ,Amino Acid ,Lipids ,Stress Response ,Translation ,25-Hydroxycholesterol ,GCN2 ,MCMV ,eIF2- ,eIF2-α ,Chemical Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Chemical sciences - Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) is an enzymatically derived oxidation product of cholesterol that modulates lipid metabolism and immunity. 25OHC is synthesized in response to interferons and exerts broad antiviral activity by as yet poorly characterized mechanisms. To gain further insights into the basis for antiviral activity, we evaluated time-dependent responses of the macrophage lipidome and transcriptome to 25OHC treatment. In addition to altering specific aspects of cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism, we found that 25OHC activates integrated stress response (ISR) genes and reprograms protein translation. Effects of 25OHC on ISR gene expression were independent of liver X receptors and sterol-response element-binding proteins and instead primarily resulted from activation of the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 branch of the ISR pathway. These studies reveal that 25OHC activates the integrated stress response, which may contribute to its antiviral activity.
- Published
- 2013