Search

Rabbit Achilles tendons (N=8) were subjected to tensile loading while internal water movements were followed using NMR. The distribution of the internal water in tendons was measured using a one-dimensional proton-density map that was collected along a radial line oriented transverse to the tendon's long axis. The proton density map was created from fits to [T.sub.2] relaxation data. The experimental design included two cycles of loading (7.5 N tensile load) and relaxation. The first load application was for 42.67 min: unloaded for 21.33 min, reloaded for 21.33 min, and then unloaded for 21.33 min. Water was redistributed in a time-dependent fashion upon loading: proton density decreased in the core region and increased in the rim region. In addition there was evidence that tensile loading caused water to become NMR visible. In separate, parallel experiments, we studied the mechanical behavior of tendons using identical conditions of uniaxial loading (N=7). The time constants of water movements were very different from the time constants of mechanical relaxation, indicating that water redistribution is not the sole determining factor of mechanical behavior. [DOI: 10.1115/1.2244573]

The redistribution of water in response to static tensile loading was investigated in rabbit Achilles tendons in vitro. The distribution of water was measured along a radially oriented line, using a one-dimensional proton-density map created from fits to diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) data. Water movements were measured during application of tensile loads of 5N (N=7) and ION (N=6). Water distribution along the line was measured before loading and up to 42 min after load application. Static loading with either 5 or 10N loads caused a steady increase in proton density in the outside edge (rim) of the tendon. The 10N load lowered the proton density in the core of the tendon, but did so in a single step that was observed when the load was applied. The 5N load caused no change in proton density in the core region. The immediate redistribution from the core was statistically significant for the 10N load, but not the 5N load application. Statistically significant within-group proton-density increases were observed in the rim after 42 min postload for all tendons irrespective of load condition. The rate of proton-density postload increase at the rim region did not depend upon load. The rate for the 5N load case was 0.010 [+ or -] 0.002 [min.sup.-1] and 0.007 [+ or -] 0.002 [min.sup.-1] in the 10N case. Thus, while generally consistent with an extrusion model, the data show other features that argue for a more complex model. [DOI: 10.1115/1.1800573]

A finite element based method to determine the incremental elastic material properties of planar membranes was developed and evaluated. The method is applicable to tissues that exhibit inhomogeneity, geometric and material nonlinearity, and anisotropy. Markers are placed on the tissue to form a four-node quadrilateral element. The specimen is loaded to an initial reference state, then three incremental loading sets are applied and the nodal displacements recorded. One of these loadings must include shear. These data are used to solve an over-determined system of equations for the tangent stiffness matrix. The method was first verified using analytical data. Next, data obtained from a latex rubber sheet were used to evaluate experimental procedures. Finally, experiments conducted on preconditioned rat skin revealed nonlinear orthotropic behavior. The vector norm comparing the applied and calculated nodal force vectors was used to evaluate the accuracy of the solutions.

A series of experiments was performed to determine the effect of diabetes on the viscoelastic properties of knee joint ligaments. The experimental model was collateral ligaments from spontaneously diabetic, hyperglycemic (BBZDP/Wor) rats, and various controls including nondiabetic littermates, insulin treated diabetic rats, and alloxan treated rats. Material properties were measured using a dynamic, uniaxial loading paradigm. Ligaments were subjected to load controlled, sinusoidal tensile testing, using frequencies from 0.1 to 2.0 Hz. The resulting data were used to determine the storage and loss compliances of the ligaments. Storage compliance, which reflects tissue elastic properties, did not differ between groups. Loss compliance, which reflects the viscous component of the tissue response, was increased in the hyperglycemic animals. Thus, hyperglycemic diabetes affects tissue mechanical properties through the viscous rather than the elastic component of the response to dynamic loading. Rats treated with alloxan to induce diabetes did not show an increase in loss compliance.