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Anabolic therapies, recommended for patients at very high fracture risk, are administered subcutaneously (SC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the abaloparatide microstructured transdermal system (abaloparatide-sMTS) as an alternative to the SC formulation. This phase 3, noninferiority study (NCT04064411) randomly assigned postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (N = 511) 1:1 to open-label abaloparatide administered daily via abaloparatide-sMTS or SC injection for 12 months. The primary comparison between treatment groups was the percentage change in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) at 12 months, with a noninferiority margin of 2.0%. Secondary endpoints included percentage change in total hip and femoral neck BMD, bone turnover markers, dermatologic safety, and new clinical fracture incidence. At 12 months, percentage increase from baseline in lumbar spine BMD was 7.14% (SE: 0.46%) for abaloparatide-sMTS and 10.86% (SE: 0.48%) for abaloparatide-SC (treatment difference: -3.72% [95% confidence interval: -5.01%, -2.43%]). Percentage change in total hip BMD was 1.97% for abaloparatide-sMTS and 3.70% for abaloparatide-SC. Median changes from baseline at 12 months in serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (s-PINP) were 52.6% for abaloparatide-sMTS and 74.5% for abaloparatide-SC. Administration site reactions were the most frequently reported adverse events (abaloparatide-sMTS, 94.4%; abaloparatide-SC, 70.5%). Incidence of serious adverse events was similar between groups. Mild or moderate skin reactions occurred with abaloparatide-sMTS with no identifiable risk factors for sensitization reactions. Few new clinical fractures occurred in either group. Noninferiority of abaloparatide-sMTS to abaloparatide-SC for percentage change in spine BMD at 12 months was not demonstrated; however, clinically meaningful increases from baseline in lumbar spine and total hip BMD were observed in both treatment groups. © 2023 Radius Health, Inc and The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)., (© 2023 Radius Health, Inc and The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

Although bone mineral density (BMD) is a predictor of fracture, many fractures occur in women with T-scores > -2.5. Bone microarchitecture, assessed by trabecular bone score (TBS), predicts fracture risk independent of BMD. We evaluated whether abaloparatide improves TBS and whether TBS trends were associated with vertebral fracture risk reduction. Women with osteoporosis randomized to abaloparatide or placebo for 18 months (ACTIVE), followed by alendronate for 24 months (ACTIVExtend), with evaluable TBS, were included in this post hoc analysis (N = 911). TBS was calculated from spine BMD scans using an algorithm adjusted for tissue thickness (TBS th ) at baseline, 6, 18, and 43 months. Mean increments in TBS th from baseline within and between treatment groups, proportion of women with TBS th increments above least significant change (LSC) and proportion with degraded TBS th (<1.027) were calculated. Risk estimates for vertebral fracture were compared using binary logistic regressions adjusted for baseline age and spine BMD. At baseline, 42% had degraded TBS th . Mean TBS th increased 4% after 18 months abaloparatide (p < 0.001) and was unchanged with placebo. After 2 subsequent years of alendronate, the total cumulative TBS th increase was 4.4% with abaloparatide/alendronate and 1.7% with placebo/alendronate (group difference, p < 0.001). At 43 months, the proportion of women with degraded TBS th had declined to 21% with abaloparatide/alendronate and 37% with placebo/alendronate (p < 0.05). An increase in TBS th  ≥ LSC was observed in 50% of abaloparatide-treated women at 18 months and was associated with decreased odds (odds ratio [OR]; 95% confidence interval [CI]) of vertebral fracture (0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.80, 6 months; 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11-0.79, 43 months). In conclusion, abaloparatide increased TBS th rapidly and progressively over 18 months and increments were maintained over 2 years with alendronate. TBS th increase was associated with vertebral fracture risk reduction. Microarchitectural improvement may be one mechanism by which abaloparatide strengthens vertebral bone. © 2023 Radius Health, Inc and The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)., (© 2023 Radius Health, Inc and The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

Abaloparatide significantly increased bone mineral density (BMD) in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and decreased risk of vertebral, nonvertebral, and clinical fractures compared with placebo. The Abaloparatide for the Treatment of Men with Osteoporosis (ATOM; NCT03512262) study evaluated the efficacy and safety of abaloparatide compared with placebo in men. Eligible men aged 40 to 85 years with osteoporosis were randomized 2:1 to daily subcutaneous injections of abaloparatide 80 μg or placebo for 12 months. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in lumbar spine BMD. Key secondary endpoints included BMD change from baseline at the total hip and femoral neck. A total of 228 men were randomized (abaloparatide, n = 149; placebo, n = 79). Baseline characteristics were similar across treatment groups (mean age, 68.3 years; mean lumbar spine BMD T-score, -2.1). At 12 months, BMD gains were greater with abaloparatide compared with placebo at the lumbar spine (least squares mean percentage change [standard error]: 8.48 [0.54] versus 1.17 [0.72]), total hip (2.14 [0.27] versus 0.01 [0.35]), and femoral neck (2.98 [0.34] versus 0.15 [0.45]) (all p < 0.0001). The most common (≥5%) treatment-emergent adverse events were injection site reaction, dizziness, nasopharyngitis, arthralgia, bronchitis, hypertension, and headache. During 12 months of abaloparatide treatment, men with osteoporosis exhibited rapid and significant improvements in BMD with a safety profile consistent with previous studies. These results suggest abaloparatide can be considered as an effective anabolic treatment option for men with osteoporosis. © 2022 Radius Health Inc and The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)., (© 2022 Radius Health Inc and The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

The surrogate threshold effect (STE) is defined as the minimum treatment effect on a surrogate that is reliably predictive of a treatment effect on the clinical outcome. It provides a framework for implementing a clinical trial with a surrogate endpoint. The aim of this study was to update our previous analysis by validating the STE for change in total hip (TH) BMD as a surrogate for fracture risk reduction; the novelty of this study was this validation. To do so, we used individual patient data from 61,415 participants in 16 RCTs that evaluated bisphosphonates (nine trials), selective estrogen receptor modulators (four trials), denosumab (one trial), odanacatib (one trial), and teriparatide (one trial) to estimate trial-specific treatment effects on TH BMD and all, vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures. We then conducted a random effects meta-regression of the log relative fracture risk reduction against 24-month change in TH BMD, and computed the STE as the intersection of the upper 95% prediction limit of this regression with the line of no fracture reduction. We validated the STE by checking whether the number of fractures in each trial provided 80% power and determining what proportion of trials with BMD changes ≥ STE reported significant reductions in fracture risk. We applied this analysis to (i) the trials on which we estimated the STE; and (ii) trials on which we did not estimate the STE. We found that the STEs for all, vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures were 1.83%, 1.42%, 3.18%, and 2.13%, respectively. Among trials used to estimate STE, 27 of 28 were adequately powered, showed BMD effects exceeding the STE, and showed significant reductions in fracture risk. Among the validation set of 11 trials, 10 met these criteria. Thus STE differs by fracture type and has been validated in trials not used to develop the approach. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

Anabolic osteoporosis drugs improve bone mineral density by increasing bone formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the early effects of abaloparatide on indices of bone formation and to assess the effect of abaloparatide on modeling-based formation (MBF), remodeling-based formation (RBF), and overflow MBF (oMBF) in transiliac bone biopsies. In this open-label, single-arm study, 23 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were treated with 80 μg abaloparatide daily. Subjects received double fluorochrome labels before treatment and before biopsy collection at 3 months. Change in dynamic histomorphometry indices in four bone envelopes were assessed. Median mineralizing surface per unit of bone surface (MS/BS) increased to 24.7%, 48.7%, 21.4%, and 16.3% of total surface after 3 months of abaloparatide treatment, representing 5.5-, 5.2-, 2.8-, and 12.9-fold changes, on cancellous, endocortical, intracortical, and periosteal surfaces (p < .001 versus baseline for all). Mineral apposition rate (MAR) was significantly increased only on intracortical surfaces. Bone formation rate (BFR/BS) was significantly increased on all four bone envelopes. Significant increases versus baseline were observed in MBF on cancellous, endocortical, and periosteal surfaces, for oMBF on cancellous and endocortical surfaces, and for RBF on cancellous, endocortical, and intracortical surfaces. Overall, modeling-based formation (MBF + oMBF) accounted for 37% and 23% of the increase in bone-forming surface on the endocortical and cancellous surfaces, respectively. Changes from baseline in serum biomarkers of bone turnover at either month 1 or month 3 were generally good surrogates for changes in histomorphometric endpoints. In conclusion, treatment with abaloparatide for 3 months stimulated bone formation on cancellous, endocortical, intracortical, and periosteal envelopes in transiliac bone biopsies obtained from postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. These increases reflected stimulation of both remodeling- and modeling-based bone formation, further elucidating the mechanisms by which abaloparatide improves bone mass and lowers fracture risk. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

Few analyses of antiresorptive (AR) treatment trials relate short-term changes in bone turnover markers (BTMs) to subsequent fracture reduction seeking to estimate the proportion of treatment effect explained (PTE) by BTMs. Pooling such information would be useful to assess new ARs or novel dosing regimens. In the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Bone Quality project, we analyzed individual-level data from up to 62,000 participants enrolled in 12 bisphosphonate (BP) and four selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) placebo-controlled fracture endpoint trials. Using BTM results for two bone formation markers (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [bone ALP] and pro-collagen I N-propeptide [PINP]) and one bone resorption marker (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]) and incident fracture outcome data, we estimated the PTE using two different models. Separate analyses were performed for incident morphometric vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fractures over 1 to 5 years of follow-up. For vertebral fracture, the results showed that changes in all three BTMs at 6 months explained a large proportion of the treatment effect of ARs (57 to >100%), but not for and non-vertebral or hip fracture. We conclude that short-term AR treatment-related changes in bone ALP, PINP, and CTX account for a large proportion of the treatment effect for vertebral fracture. Change in BTMs is a useful surrogate marker to study the anti-fracture efficacy of new AR compounds or novel dosing regiments with approved AR drugs. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Administration of blosozumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds sclerostin, increases bone formation and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with low BMD. To evaluate the effect of discontinuing blosozumab, we studied women enrolled in a 1-year randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial for an additional year after they completed treatment. Of the 120 women initially enrolled in the study, 106 women completed treatment and continued into follow-up; 88 women completed 1 year of follow-up. At the beginning of follow-up, groups remained balanced for age, race, and body mass index, but lumbar spine and total hip BMD were increased in prior blosozumab groups, reflecting an anabolic treatment effect. At the end of follow-up, 1 year after discontinuing treatment, lumbar spine BMD remained significantly greater than placebo in women initially treated with blosozumab 270 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) and blosozumab 180 mg Q2W (6.9% and 3.6% above baseline, respectively). Total hip BMD also declined after discontinuation of treatment but at 1 year after treatment remained significantly greater than placebo in women initially treated with blosozumab 270 mg Q2W and blosozumab 180 mg Q2W (3.9% and 2.6% above baseline, respectively). During follow-up, median serum P1NP was not consistently different between the prior blosozumab groups and placebo. A similar pattern was apparent for median serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTx) levels, with more variability. Mean serum total sclerostin concentration increased with blosozumab, indicating target engagement, and declined to baseline after discontinuation. There were no adverse events considered related to prior treatment with blosozumab. Anti-drug antibodies generally declined in patients who had detectable levels during prior treatment. These findings support the continued study of blosozumab as an anabolic therapy for treatment of osteoporosis., (© 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Sclerostin, a SOST protein secreted by osteocytes, negatively regulates formation of mineralized bone matrix and bone mass. We report the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter phase 2 clinical trial of blosozumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against sclerostin, in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD). Postmenopausal women with a lumbar spine T-score -2.0 to -3.5, inclusive, were randomized to subcutaneous blosozumab 180 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W), 180 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W), 270 mg Q2W, or matching placebo for 1 year, with calcium and vitamin D. Serial measurements of spine and hip BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover were performed. Overall, 120 women were enrolled in the study (mean age 65.8 years, mean lumbar spine T-score -2.8). Blosozumab treatment resulted in statistically significant dose-related increases in spine, femoral neck, and total hip BMD as compared with placebo. In the highest dose group, BMD increases from baseline reached 17.7% at the spine, and 6.2% at the total hip. Biochemical markers of bone formation increased rapidly during blosozumab treatment, and trended toward pretreatment levels by study end. However, bone specific alkaline phosphatase remained higher than placebo at study end in the highest-dose group. CTx, a biochemical marker of bone resorption, decreased early in blosozumab treatment to a concentration less than that of the placebo group by 2 weeks, and remained reduced throughout blosozumab treatment. Mild injection site reactions were reported more frequently with blosozumab than placebo. In conclusion, treatment of postmenopausal women with an antibody targeted against sclerostin resulted in substantial increases in spine and hip BMD. These results support further study of blosozumab as a potential anabolic therapy for osteoporosis., (© 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Arzoxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has been shown to be more potent in preclinical testing than currently available agents. Its effects on clinical outcomes are not known. In a randomized, blinded trial, women aged 60 to 85 years with osteoporosis, defined as a femoral neck or lumbar spine bone mineral density T-score of -2.5 or less or a vertebral fracture, and women with low bone mass, defined as a bone density T-score of -1.0 or less and above -2.5, were assigned to arzoxifene 20 mg or placebo daily. The primary endpoints were new vertebral fracture in those with osteoporosis and invasive breast cancer in the overall population. After 3 years, the cumulative incidence of vertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis was 2.3% lower in the arzoxifene group than in the placebo group, a 41% relative risk reduction [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45-0.77, p < .001]. In the overall population, the cumulative incidence of invasive breast cancer over 4 years was reduced by 1.3%, with a 56% relative reduction in risk (hazard ratio = 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.76, p < .001); there was no significant decrease in nonvertebral fracture risk. Arzoxifene increased the cumulative incidence of venous thromboembolic events by 0.7%, with a 2.3-fold relative increase (95% CI 1.5-3.7). Like other SERMs, arzoxifene decreased vertebral fractures and invasive breast cancer while the risk of venous thromboembolic events increased., (Copyright © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Animal experiments show a dramatic improvement in skeletal repair by teriparatide. We tested the hypothesis that recombinant teriparatide, at the 20 microg dose normally used for osteoporosis treatment or higher, would accelerate fracture repair in humans. Postmenopausal women (45 to 85 years of age) who had sustained a dorsally angulated distal radial fracture in need of closed reduction but no surgery were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of once-daily injections of placebo (n = 34) or teriparatide 20 microg (n = 34) or teriparatide 40 microg (n = 34) within 10 days of fracture. Hypotheses were tested sequentially, beginning with the teriparatide 40 microg versus placebo comparison, using a gatekeeping strategy. The estimated median time from fracture to first radiographic evidence of complete cortical bridging in three of four cortices was 9.1, 7.4, and 8.8 weeks for placebo and teriparatide 20 microg and 40 microg, respectively (overall p = .015). There was no significant difference between the teriparatide 40 microg versus placebo groups (p = .523). In post hoc analyses, there was no significant difference between teriparatide 40 microg versus 20 microg (p = .053); however, the time to healing was shorter in teriparatide 20 microg than placebo (p = .006). The primary hypothesis that teriparatide 40 microg would shorten the time to cortical bridging was not supported. The shortened time to healing for teriparatide 20 microg compared with placebo still may suggest that fracture repair can be accelerated by teriparatide, but this result should be interpreted with caution and warrants further study., (Copyright 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Unlabelled: FE modeling was used to estimate the biomechanical effects of teriparatide and alendronate on lumbar vertebrae. Both treatments enhanced predicted vertebral strength by increasing average density. This effect was more pronounced for teriparatide, which further increased predicted vertebral strength by altering the distribution of density within the vertebra, preferentially increasing the strength of the trabecular compartment., Introduction: Teriparatide 20 microg/day (TPTD) and alendronate 10 mg/day (ALN) increase areal, measured by DXA, and volumetric, measured by QCT, lumbar spine BMD through opposite effects on bone remodeling. Using finite element (FE) modeling of QCT scans, we sought to compare the vertebral strength characteristics in TPTD- and ALN-treated patients., Materials and Methods: A subset of patients (N = 28 TPTD; N = 25 ALN) from the Forteo Alendronate Comparator Trial who had QCT scans of the spine at baseline and postbaseline were analyzed. The QCT scans were analyzed for compressive strength of the L(3) vertebra using FE modeling. In addition, using controlled parameter studies of the FE models, the effects of changes in density, density distribution, and geometry on strength were calculated, a strength:density ratio was determined, and a response to bending was also quantified., Results: Both treatments had positive effects on predicted vertebral strength characteristics. At least 75% of the patients in each treatment group had increased strength of the vertebra at 6 months compared with baseline. Patients in both treatment groups had increased average volumetric density and increased strength in the trabecular bone, but the median percentage increases for these parameters were 5- to 12-fold greater for TPTD. Larger increases in the strength:density ratio were also observed for TPTD, and these were primarily attributed to preferential increases in trabecular strength., Conclusions: These results provide new insight into the effects of these treatments on estimated biomechanical properties of the vertebra. Both treatments positively affected predicted vertebral strength through their effects on average BMD, but the magnitudes of the effects were quite different. Teriparatide also affected vertebral strength by altering the distribution of density within the vertebra, so that overall, teriparatide had a 5-fold greater percentage increase in the strength:density ratio.

Unlabelled: A follow-up in 1262 women was conducted after the discontinuation of teriparatide. The hazard ratio for combined teriparatide group (20 and 40 microg) for the 50-month period after baseline was 0.57 (p = 0.002), suggesting a sustained effect in reducing the risk of nonvertebral fragility fracture., Introduction: Treatment with teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] 20 and 40 microg once-daily subcutaneous dosing significantly reduced the risk of nonvertebral fragility fractures over a median exposure of 19 months., Materials and Methods: All participants in the Fracture Prevention Trial were invited to participate in a follow-up study. Prior treatment assignments were revealed, and patients were able to receive osteoporosis treatments without restriction., Results: Approximately 60% of the 1262 patients received an osteoporosis treatment at some time during follow-up, with greater use in the former placebo group than in the combined former teriparatide group (p < 0.05). The hazard ratios for nonvertebral fragility fractures in each teriparatide group relative to placebo were statistically significant for the 50-month period including treatment and follow-up (p < 0.03). In the follow-up period, the hazard ratio was significantly different between the 40 mug and combined groups versus placebo but not for the 20 microg group versus placebo. However, the 20 and 40 microg groups were not different from each other. Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to fracture showed that the fracture incidence in the former placebo and teriparatide groups diverged during the 50-month period including teriparatide treatment and follow-up (p = 0.009). Total hip and femoral neck BMD decreased in teriparatide-treated patients who had no follow-up treatment; BMD remained stable or further increased in patients who received a bisphosphonate after teriparatide treatment., Conclusions: While the study design is observational, the results support a sustained effect of teriparatide in reducing the risk of nonvertebral fragility fractures up to 30 months after discontinuation of treatment.

Unlabelled: Histomorphometry and microCT of 51 paired iliac crest biopsy specimens from women treated with teriparatide revealed significant increases in cancellous bone volume, cancellous bone connectivity density, cancellous bone plate-like structure, and cortical thickness, and a reduction in marrow star volume., Introduction: We studied the ability of teriparatide (rDNA origin) injection [rhPTH(1-34), TPTD] to improve both cancellous and cortical bone in a subset of women enrolled in the Fracture Prevention Trial of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis after a mean treatment time of 19 months. This is the first report of a biopsy study after treatment with teriparatide having a sufficient number of paired biopsy samples to provide quantitative structural data., Methods: Fifty-one paired iliac crest bone biopsy specimens (placebo [n = 19], 20 microg teriparatide [n = 18], and 40 microg teriparatide [n = 14]) were analyzed using both two-dimensional (2D) histomorphometry and three-dimensional (3D) microcomputed tomography (microCT). Data for both teriparatide treatment groups were pooled for analysis., Results and Conclusions: By 2D histomorphometric analyses, teriparatide significantly increased cancellous bone volume (median percent change: teriparatide, 14%; placebo, -24%; p = 0.001) and reduced marrow star volume (teriparatide, -16%; placebo, 112%; p = 0.004). Teriparatide administration was not associated with osteomalacia or woven bone, and there were no significant changes in mineral appositional rate or wall thickness. By 3D cancellous and cortical bone structural analyses, teriparatide significantly decreased the cancellous structure model index (teriparatide, -12%; placebo, 7%; p = 0.025), increased cancellous connectivity density (teriparatide, 19%; placebo, - 14%; p = 0.034), and increased cortical thickness (teriparatide, 22%; placebo, 3%; p = 0.012). These data show that teriparatide treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis significantly increased cancellous bone volume and connectivity, improved trabecular morphology with a shift toward a more plate-like structure, and increased cortical bone thickness. These changes in cancellous and cortical bone morphology should improve biomechanical competence and are consistent with the substantially reduced incidences of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures during administration of teriparatide.

In a recent study of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, treatment with teriparatide for a median of 19 months increased bone mineral density and decreased the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Using the same cohort, the current study evaluated the relationship between these therapeutic effects and the patient's baseline age, vertebral bone mineral density, and prevalent vertebral fractures. In women over 65 years of age, treatment resulted in a greater increase in vertebral bone mineral density than in younger women (treatment-by-age interaction, p = 0.037), but baseline age had no effect on the relative risk reduction for vertebral fractures (treatment-by-age interaction, p = 0.558). In women receiving placebo (with calcium and vitamin D), there was an inverse relationship between baseline vertebral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk. When compared across bone mineral density tertiles, the effects of teriparatide on the relative risk for developing new vertebral fractures and increase in vertebral bone mineral density did not differ significantly (p = 0.817 and p = 0.615, respectively). Teriparatide treatment significantly decreased vertebral fracture risk in patients with a vertebral bone mineral density T score of less than -33 or a score between -2.1 and -3.3 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively) and showed a trend toward reduced fracture risk in the group with a T score greater than -2.1 (p = 0.115). Placebo-treated women with two or more prevalent vertebral fractures had a significantly greater risk of developing new vertebral fractures than women with zero or one prevalent vertebral fracture (p < 0.001). When compared within prevalent vertebral fracture subgroups, the effects of teriparatide on the relative risk for developing new vertebral fractures were similar. The results of this study indicate that teriparatide offers clinical benefit to patients across a broad range of age and disease severity.

Although low absolute values of bone mineral density (BMD) predict increased fracture risk in osteoporosis, it is not certain how well increases in BMD with antiresorptive therapy predict observed reductions in fracture risk. This work examines the relationships between changes in BMD after 1 year or 3 years of raloxifene or placebo therapy and the risk for new vertebral fractures at 3 years. In the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial, 7705 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomized to placebo or raloxifene 60 mg/day or 120 mg/day. Relationships between baseline BMD and changes in BMD from baseline with the risk of new vertebral fractures were analyzed in this cohort using logistic regression models with the raloxifene doses pooled. As has been observed in other populations, women with the lowest baseline lumbar spine or femoral neck BMD in the MORE cohort had the greatest risk for vertebral fractures. Furthermore, for any percentage change, either increase or decrease in femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD at 1 year or 3 years, raloxifene-treated patients had a statistically significantly lower vertebral fracture risk compared with placebo-treated patients. The decrease in fracture risk with raloxifene was similar across the range of percentage change in femoral neck BMD observed at 3 years; patients receiving raloxifene had a 36% lower risk of vertebral fracture compared with those receiving placebo. At any percentage change in femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD observed at 1 year, raloxifene treatment decreased the risks of new vertebral fractures at 3 years by 38% and 41%, respectively. The logistic regression model showed that the percentage changes in BMD with raloxifene treatment accounted for 4% of the observed vertebral fracture risk reduction, and the other 96% of the risk reduction remains unexplained. The present data show that the measured BMD changes observed with raloxifene therapy are poor predictors of vertebral fracture risk reduction with raloxifene therapy.