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Objectives: We aimed to histopathologically evaluate the morphological spectrum, apoptotic index (AI), and mitotic index (MI) of endometrial lesions in patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).Methods: A cross-sectional study was done over a period of 18 months where a total of 60 newly diagnosed cases of perimenopausal women presenting with AUB were included. All H and E stained pathology slides from the specimens were reviewed for initial histopathological evaluation and diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry for Bcl-2 and Bax was done. The study subjects were divided into two groups: Group 1 included 30 cases of histologically proven proliferative endometrium (PE) and endometrial polyps and Group 2 included 30 cases of hyperplasia, endometrial epithelial neoplasia (EIN)/or carcinoma. For all cases, AI and MI were calculated and compared among the two groups.Statistical Analysis: Quantitative variables were compared using the Independent t-test/Mann-Whitney test between the two groups and Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison between more than two groups. Qualitative variables were correlated using the Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: In our study of 60 patients of AUB, the mean age was 45.87 years with a parity of 2 or more in most of the patients. Most of the patients in our study had heavy menstrual bleeding (66.67%) with associated complaints of weakness, pallor, and low backache. Out of 60 patients of AUB, Endometrial carcinoma was diagnosed in 13 (21.67%) patients, with the most common histopathological type being Endometrioid carcinoma. There was a significant difference in the AI, MI, and the ratio of AI/MI among various histopathological diagnoses. AI was highest for Endometrial carcinoma and lowest for hyperplasia and polyps. MI was also highest for Endometrial carcinoma and lowest for hyperplasia and polyps. However, the ratio was incongruent as it was highest for hyperplasia without atypia and lowest for PE with endometrial carcinoma being midway. The Bcl-2 expression of relatively benign conditions (Group 1) was significantly higher than Group 2 (Endometrial epithelial neoplasia/carcinoma). Bax intensity showed an almost inverse pattern, being highest in endometrial carcinoma and lower in hyperplasia and polyps with the lowest expression in PE. Even the Bcl-2:Bax ratio was also highest for PE and lowest for endometrial carcinoma with others falling in between them.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the combination of the proliferative and apoptotic markers and the ratio will help as a tool in aiding the diagnosis of endometrial lesions for patients presenting with AUB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant thyroid tumors of follicular origin comprise a spectrum, with the indolent well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) at one end and lethal anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) at the other. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) lies intermediately between WDTC and ATC in terms of morphology and prognostic standpoint. This thyroglobulin producing neoplasm accounts for 4-7% of all thyroid malignancies. PDTC has been controversial due to lack of defined diagnostic criteria. We hereby report a case of PDTC in a 42-year-old female presenting with neck swelling, pain, and dysphagia for 10 months. She was diagnosed as colloid goiter on fine-needle aspiration cytology. On imaging, a large complex thyroid with central neck nodes was seen. Total thyroidectomy and central neck node dissection were done. Based on the morphology, immunostaining, and the diagnostic criteria, a diagnosis of PDTC was made. PDTC is a diagnostic challenge due to its rarity and previous equivocal diagnostic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphoid hyperplasia of the gall bladder is an extremely rare condition that may be missed on associated radiological or clinical evaluation but is diagnosed on biopsy. We are reporting hereby, a case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia masquerading as a lymphoma on histopathology. A 58.year.old male was referred to our hospital with complaints of pain abdomen infrequently since last one year. Ultrasonography revealed the presence of single calculus along with features of chronic cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and the gall bladder was sent for routine histopathological evaluation. On microscopic examination, there were sheets of cells, lymphoid in origin and numerous lymphoid follicles spread throughout the wall of the gall bladder. It was diagnosed as a case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia with chronic cholecystitis on histopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]