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Objectives: Although the benefits of surgery in infective endocarditis (IE) are clear, an unneglectable proportion of patients do not undergo surgery despite clear operative indication. Outcomes of these patients are poorly reported. With this study, we aim to analyze patient profiles, indication for surgery, decision‐making, and outcomes of patients not undergoing surgery despite contemporary surgical indications. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of single institution database of patients with IE was done to identify patients that, although a clear surgical indication did not receive surgery. We aimed to review the most contemporary practice from June 2014 to December 2018. Only patients who were physically evaluated at our facility were included. Follow up was 100% complete. Kaplan‐Meier methods were used to estimate survival and freedom from a composite outcome of death, stroke, and heart failure. Results: Of the 174 patients with surgical indication during the review period, 46 (27%) did not undergo surgery. The reasons for not pursuing surgery were varied and usually multiple, with severe brain injury and end stage liver disease between the most common. The 30‐day mortality was 63%, and the estimated survival at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years was respectively 22%, 15%, and 10%. Conclusion: The mortality of this cohort of patients is extremely high. A multidisciplinary evaluation is of paramount importance in the decision‐making process with shared responsibility for denial of operative options. In a perspective of correct healthcare resources allocation an early palliative care consult may need to be considered in some of those patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early degeneration of tricuspid bioprostheses is a rare, but extremely serious, complication. Several mechanisms have been described, both for surgically implanted and transcatheter bioprosthesis. We report a case of early degeneration of tricuspid porcine bioprosthesis and a subsequent transcatheter valve-in-valve bovine prosthesis due to severe fibrosis with leaflet retraction in a patient with restrictive cardiomyopathy who finally underwent orthotopic heart transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]