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This paper presents a mathematical model to determine the minimum energy targets for a batch process with flexible schedule. Techniques developed for flexible-schedule batch processes typically result in nonlinear formulations. The proposed model was formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model (MILP). The model is developed based on the source-demand classification of process streams instead of the typical classification of hot and cold streams. In such classification, each stream is simultaneously treated as a source at its shifted supply temperature, and as a demand at its shifted target temperature. Such classification eliminates the model's non-linearity and reduces its complexity as well as the solution time. The mathematical model can be used to calculate the utility targets for a flexible-schedule batch process. Application of the proposed mathematical formulation demonstrates significant energy saving potential. The first illustrative example predicted a potential reduction of 11% cold utility and 14% hot utility. In the second illustrative example, up to 35% hot utility reduction and 62% cold utility reduction could be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide emissions coming from industrial, transport, service and business activities as well as methane and nitrogen oxides from agriculture are major greenhouse gases with high global warming potentials. Modelling tools for the optimal management and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, in particular, carbon dioxide, have received growing attention. Concurrently, complementary graphical and visualisation tools for carbon dioxide targeting, design and planning based on Pinch Analysis have evolved in line with the developments of other Process Integration tools. The application of Pinch Analysis includes the conservation of resources including heat, mass, water, gas, materials, property, solid, and more recently, power. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development of Process Integration insight-based graphical, algebraic and numerical tools for carbon dioxide emission reduction. The key focus of the review is on methodologies that are capable of making explicit assessment on, and quantify the impact of the use of the PI tool on CO 2 reduction, covering works from 2007 (when it was initially introduced) until year 2016. The review has been categorised into supply side energy and emission planning as well as demand side and end-of-pipe energy and emission management. The aim of the review is to provide researchers, industrial planners, policy-makers and energy managers awareness of the appropriate insight-based graphical, algebraic and visualisation Process Integration tools that are available for use for carbon dioxide emissions planning and reduction. Applications of such tools is expected to enhance their conceptual understanding of the problems and ultimately help them make better decisions during the planning and management of greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Wastewater Treatment Plant consists of multiple equipment and processes to treat wastewater. The wastewater treatment process consumes resources and releases emissions that could potentially harm the environment. Due to the growing concern on the environmental impact of Wastewater Treatment Plants, much research has been done to assess its performance and optimize its processes towards cleaner productions. Yet to date, the study on quantifying the overall environmental performance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant has not been done. The objective of this paper is to develop a new green index as a unified overall quantitative environmental performance indicator for a Wastewater Treatment Plant and its associated processes. The developed green index is applied as an indicator to represent the multiple green elements of the treatment processes, and to benchmark the performance of the Wastewater Treatment Plant under study. The Green Index enables a facility manager to efficiently monitor, analyse and improve the performance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in a cleaner production program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current drive towards sustainability are putting pressure on organizations worldwide to implement procedures to manage the elements of sustainability for an organisation that include emissions, effluent discharge, waste disposal and energy efficiency. Even though these green elements can be managed, monitored and analysed in an integrated manner using some common resources and information, they are typically handled piecemeal under different types of management standards; and quite often, as ad-hoc projects as opposed to programs. This paper reviews the current management systems that relate to sustainability, and proposes the development an integrated green management framework called the Sustainable Green Management System (SGMS). A systematic, integrated and efficient approach for collecting, monitoring, analysing and managing information and resources via the SGMS will not only lead to organisational sustainability, but also have the potential to save ample resources, remove significant redundancies, promote cleaner production and enhance the profitability and efficiency of an organisation. An application of the proposed SGMS framework is demonstrated on a facility management case study that uses a unified GI as an indicator for an organizational sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistencies of the single multi-criteria decision making (SMCD) methods in criteria weight assessment make them unreliable and have led to the wrong siting of industrial parks, which are often abandoned as brownfields that emit GHG. Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are replacing brownfields but require robust decision-making tools to weigh and rank suitable locations for industry clusters' synergies. Integrated multi-criteria decision making (IMCDM) to address the weaknesses and strengthen the advantages of SMCDM methods, and a model to overlay criteria weights and spatial data easily and accurately were developed. The spatial criteria data for 2009 and 2019 from Tanjung Langsat Industrial Area were collected and prepared by GIS to test the SMCDM and IMCMD consistency weighting and the model resilience. The SMCDM (AHP, ANP and F-AHP) and the IMCDM weights with the 2009 criteria data identified the entire water bodies around the brownfield as suitable sites, making them inconsistent. The 2019 data with the SMCDM weights identified tiny sites as best, also making them inconsistent. The integrated hierarchy network fuzzy analytic process (HN-FAP) and the hierarchy network analytic process (HNAP) with the 2019 criteria data identified part of the water bodies as suitable making it inconsistent. The hierarchy fuzzy analytic process (H-FAP) and the network fuzzy hierarchy analytic process (NFh-AP) identified larger suitable sites without overlaps making them consistent algorithms. The H-FAP and NFh-AP procedures eliminate the weaknesses and consolidate the strengths, giving optimally consistent criteria weights. The two algorithms' consistency and the model efficiency can use different criteria weights and spatial data inputs from elsewhere for 4IR-driven EIP modelling to help brownfield-EIP stakeholders. Future research would address the reverse ranking of MCDM methods when alternatives are added or removed. • Single choice-making criteria assessment inconsistency led to wrong industrial site. • Unfavourable industrial sites have been abandoned to brownfields that emit GHG. • EIP is replacing brownfields for industry clusters, synergy and cleaner production. • Combined decision-making consistent tools and an overlay analysis model are created. • The integrated tools show clear suitable EIP sites using concentrated spatial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operating cost of a water network can be significantly reduced via utilization of multiple water resources. In a batch process, scheduling plays a vital role towards resource conservation. This work analyzes the effect of multiple water resources on a batch water network schedule. It is proven that, in minimizing the operating cost of a batch water network, the exact schedule that leads to the minimum operating cost for multiple water resources also applies to systems involving a single water resource. This leads to a vital theorem that, once the optimum schedule for a single resource leading to the minimum operating cost is obtained, the same schedule can be applied for problems involving multiple resources. The findings in this paper have provided a simplified conceptual approach of dealing with scheduling problems with multiple water resources. Applicability of the proposed theorem is demonstrated via an illustrative example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a batch process, either direct or indirect heat integration may be employed. The former involves direct heat transfer from hot to cold process streams. In the latter, heat from a hot process stream is first transferred to an intermediate fluid where the heat is stored until it is finally transferred to a cold stream. Storage of product streams allows direct heat integration to be delayed, thereby providing an opportunity for energy conservation while avoiding the use of an intermediate fluid. This paper presents a new methodology for batch heat integration that involves the direct storage of product streams within the procedure to set the minimum utility targets. Application of the proposed methodology on illustrative examples demonstrates that significant energy reduction can be achieved by shifting product streams on the time scale. Potential reductions of 33.2% cold utility and 45.1% hot utility were estimated for the first example when the product stream was stored. Similarly, reductions of 3.5% cold utility and 6.5% hot utility were observed for a two-product batch plant when the cooling requirement for one of the products was shifted on time scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A rice mill produces many by-products that can be further utilised into value-added products. For instance, rice bran can be further processed to produce rice bran oil. On the other hand, rice husk can be utilised as biomass in the cyclonic husk furnace or cogeneration system to supply thermal energy for paddy drying. Alternatively, rice husk can be the raw material to produce bio-char, bio-oil and biofuel. This paper presents a framework to synthesise the sustainable pathways for an Integrated, Resource-Efficient (IRE) rice mill aimed at maximising its profitability while minimising the environmental impact of its by-product utilisation. The key factors considered include the availability of resources, the cost-effectiveness of the available technology options and the trade-off between profitability and environmental impact such as global warming, photochemical ozone production and eutrophication. The developed model was applied on a case study where five different scenarios representing different economic and environmental objective functions were analysed. The proposed model allows rice millers to target for the maximum profit and synthesise the sustainable process pathways prior to the detailed design of the IRE rice mill complex. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This Special Volume of the Journal of Cleaner Production focuses on the “Sustainability Engineering for the Future”. It highlights the roles of present and future engineers and provides guidelines and insights on how sustainability can be embedded systematically into all dimensions of engineering. Gone are the days when engineers only focus on technical and economic feasibility of a system design. The challenges of global warming brought about by widespread environmental pollution, resource depletion, rising human population, and multiple threats to food, water and energy securities require a paradigm shift in engineering thinking and ways to find and test solutions. The evolving engineering paradigm increasingly calls for engineers to consider the whole spectrum of sustainability i.e. from the economic, environmental, social and time dimensions. A selection of papers presented in the 6th International Conference of Process Systems Engineering Asia (PSE Asia) held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 25th to 27th June 2013 is included in this Special Volume. The papers in this volume focus upon: [(i)] Important considerations for the planning and development of sustainable products; [(ii)] Models and methods designed to support sustainable planning and management; [(iii)] Effective sustainability assessment tools and the needs for new ones; [(iv)] New approaches for improved resource management; [(v)] Illustrative future, sustainable technologies; [(vi)] Ways policies will play significant roles in promoting implementation of sustainable engineering approaches. The collection of papers as designed to provide guidelines for present and future engineers, researchers, academicians and policy makers for ways to improve current and future trends in engineering to help catalyse the transition to truly sustainable societies with improved quality of life. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Process Integration (PI) for resource conservation has become an increasingly popular topic of research in line with growing emphasis toward circular economy and rising concern on environmental protection. PI for resource conservation in continuous processes has been relatively well-established as compared to PI developments for batch processes that have lagged behind and are gradually getting attention. This paper presents a comprehensive and up-to-date review on the development and future research direction of batch process integration (BPI) methodologies for resource conservation covering energy, water and other types of industrial resources. The BPI methodologies are categorized according to batch process scheduling flexibility. The first category is the fixed, or pre-specified schedule BPI methodologies whereby time is treated as a parameter. The second category is the flexible or variable-schedule BPI methodologies that considers time as a variable. The fixed and flexible-schedule batch processes are further sub-divided and analyzed as graphical and mathematical programming-based BPI tools. Covering literature from 2000 to 2021 that comprises more than 160 publications in over twenty years period on BPIRC progress, trends and direction, the review highlights the significant role of BPI in driving small to medium scale industries toward cleaner production and circular economy. Review on twenty year progress, direction and impact of batch process integration related to conservation of energy, water and other resources that contributes toward cleaner production and circular economy. [Display omitted] • Lack of review on batch process integration (BPI) for resource conservation. • BPI contributes toward cleaner production and circular economy. • Review classified based on resource type, schedule flexibility and type of BPI tools. • Six key areas of development covering energy, water and other materials. • Twenty year progress, direction and impact of BPI on small to medium scale industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, most industrial parks that have not gone through a proper site selection process have been neglected or underutilised and such active sites tend to burn a lot of fuels and generate greenhouse gases. Technology must be used to conduct on-site investigations of the spatial and non-spatial factors of industrial parks, especially the emerging Eco-Industrial Park (EIP). The paper seeks to appraise the global application, capability and acceptability of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) tools in the EIP sites selection and planning. Also, to identify the benefits of mixing MCDM tools when integrating with GIS. There have been some reviews on the use of GIS and MCDM methods, but so far, there is none on the role of GIS and MCDM methods in EIP site selection. Geospatial and MCDM tools can be used to carefully select EIP sites, where materials and energy can be shared to achieve cleaner production, reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable development. To understand the usage of these tools and their role in the EIP site selection process, a critical review of twenty-two papers published from 2007 to 2020 indexed by Google Scholar, Springer, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science have been developed for the first time. The articles are classified based on country/region, journal of publication, year and citations of publication, the authors and technologies applied. The results show that most studies on EIP site selection come from Iran and China. The Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment has the highest number of articles published at 28%. The highest number of articles was published in 2014 with 312 citations. GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) topped the technologies used, accounting for 42% and 24% respectively, and hybrid tools 34%. As categorised by criteria content, there was an overlap of criteria in most journals. Though, water bodies, utilities, infrastructure, and natural characteristics were prominent. Renewable energy resources were not given attention by most researchers, and risk assessment was absent from the site selection literature. A blend of traditional MCDM tools constitutes the state-of-the-art tools, and when these are combined with GIS in EIP site surveys, they execute to obtain actual results. Future EIP site selection that is integrated with risk assessment is envisioned to be industry 4.0 (4IR)-driven through a combination of GIS and artificial intelligence, and the recently developed MCDM hybrid modules. [Display omitted] • Poor site selection has led to industrial park being neglected or underutilised. • Abandoned/underutilised active industrial parks can burn fuels to cause GHG. • First time of critical review of role of GIS and MCDM tools in EIP site selection. • GIS and AHP currently mainly used for large-scale EIP site criteria selection. • EIP site choice risk study using GIS, AI and MCDM hybrid can sustain industry 4.0 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Development of maximum water recovery (MWR) networks for continuous processes based on Pinch Analysis has been rather well established. In contrast, less work has been done on the water minimisation problem for batch process systems. This work presents a two-stage procedure for the synthesis of an MWR network for a batch process system, covering both mass transfer-based and non-mass transfer-based water-using processes. The first stage of the synthesis task is to locate the various network targets, which include the overall and interval-based minimum utility targets (fresh water and wastewater flows) as well as storage capacity target using the newly developed time-dependent water cascade analysis (WCA) technique. In the second stage, a new tool called the time-water network is introduced to help in the development of the MWR network to achieve the established utility targets. This new network representation has an advantage of clearly depicting the time-dependent nature of a batch water network. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sustainability and Industrial Ecology (IE) are the main drivers of industrial symbiosis (InSys) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs). InSys, therefore, extends the idea of industrial ecology (IE) to the industrial sector by adopting a resource-efficient approach where one firm uses the unused or residual resources (materials, energy, water, assets, logistics, and expertise) of another firm. The aim is to enhance a sustainable and cleaner production in an environmentally friendly way, one in which generation of wastes and emission of greenhouse gases (including CO 2) is minimized. Although previous literatures have investigated existing InSys tools, the utilization of the process integration (PI) tools for InSys design and planning has mostly operated in isolation of each other and thus concentrated on individual resources which makes the it hard for InSys designers to select the best tools. Furthermore, there is a dearth in research on comprehensive and integrated resource optimization, which considers the integration of all resources (such as energy, water, power, carbon and wastes) within InSys simultaneously. Therefore, this study investigated and surveyed available literatures in order to identify and develop a more comprehensive description of InSys tools, through the analysis of related methodologies and applications by integration of various resources optimization tools together for the design and establishment of EIPs. The tools are inclusive of both insight-based Pinch Analysis and mathematical optimization models approaches. The review also conducted a bibliometric analysis of some keywords using Scopus over a span of twenty-two years (1998–2019). Through the insights and understanding gained from the review, designers will be more equipped to make a more informed choice of working tools to utilize. Finally, suggestions were offered on some tools that will enhance the integration of eco-industrial parks to minimize fresh water/wastewater, minimize fuel use and reduce GHGs emissions and the minimization of cooling, heating and power requirements in Total Sites. The review of integrated resource optimization tools is then followed by identifying future research directions and development. Image 1 • Process integration (PI), mathematical optimization (MO) methods and other models are reviewed in this work. • A bibliometric analysis of industrial symbiosis (InSys) concept and tools are conducted. • A better understanding of InSys tools for the design and establishment of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) is enhanced. • A valuable insight for researchers, planners and other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of Power Pinch Analysis (PoPA) for the design and optimisation of Hybrid Power Systems (HPS) is steadily progressing. Even though PoPA has been developed for a wide range of applications in HPS design and analysis, the economic aspect still needs more attention. Screening of various renewable energy (RE) technologies in HPS is crucial as different technologies may have different cost and efficiencies, and affect the overall system economics. This work presents a novel framework for the design of a cost-effective HPS by incorporating PoPA with a cost-screening tool known as the Systematic Hierarchical Approach for Resilient Process Screening (SHARPS). SHARPS, which was originally developed to screen various process changes options in water networks is adapted to perform economic analysis and RE technology screening in power networks. Two strategies namely substitution and intensification have been proposed, in order to customise a cost-effective HPS. The presented framework provides a handy and effective measure to visualise the trade-off between the performance and cost of various potential RE technologies for HPS. Application of the framework on a case study demonstrates that the HPS design has been successfully customised with the RE technology scheme and capacity acceptable to the owner, while meeting its targeted payback period of 10 y. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a holistic approach for design of Cost-Optimal Water Networks (CWN) that considers the economics while exploring all water minimisation options in line with the water management hierarchy (WMH). Two stages are involved in analysing the model i.e., the freshwater saving mode (FWS-mode) and the economic mode (E-mode). The first stage applied the mixed integer linear program (MILP) formulation that yielded some initial values for the second stage. In the second stage, the model was formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP) that was used to optimise an existing water systems design. The novelty of the model lies in the simultaneous considerations of all levels of water management hierarchy (i.e. elimination, reduction, reuse, outsourcing and regeneration) and cost constraints in selecting the best water minimisation schemes that resulted in the maximum net annual savings at a desired payback period. The model is applicable for systems involving multiple contaminants, and is capable of predicting which water demand should be eliminated or reduced; how much external source is needed; which wastewater source should be reused/recycled, regenerated or discharged; and finally specify the minimum water network configuration for maximising the net annual savings at a desired payback period. The model has been successfully applied on case studies involving a building (Sultan Ismail Mosque, UTM) and an industrial process plant (a chlor-alkali plant). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mathematical programming techniques have been widely used to solve water minimisation problems. Yet, to date, there is lack of research on water minimisation for fixed schedule and cyclic operation batch processes that also targets the minimum storage capacity as well as inter-connections, and considers mass-transfer based (MTB) and non-mass transfer-based (NMTB) operations, for problems with multiple contaminants. In this study, a four-stage mathematical model is formulated to address the aforementioned problem, by considering water minimisation options within a Water Management Hierarchy (WMH). The developed model was employed on an urban and an industrial facility to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed model to solve the minimum water network with minimum storage tank capacity and network inter-connections. For the urban facility case study involving a mosque, the maximum potential freshwater and wastewater reductions are 99.89% and 65.7%. Setting the minimum number of inter-connections (MNI) as the objective function has further reduced the MNI by 13%. For the industrial case study, the maximum potential freshwater and wastewater reductions are 59.53% and 16.43%. Imposing the MNI constraint as the objective function further reduced the number of inter-connections by 20.83%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]