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Paper products are carbon-intensive and having a huge potential for carbon reduction due to their biomass-oriented characteristics. A uniform standard for total carbon footprint (CF) accounting is vital. However, the existing standards have not yet been unified. Inconsistencies between standards cause difficulties in their use and significantly weaken the credibility and comparability of the carbon footprint of a product (CFP). This work rethought the three most widely used standards (Publicly Available Specification 2050 (PAS2050), Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (GHG Protocol), and Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (ISO14067)) from the life-cycle perspective, and established a more appropriate and comprehensive CF accounting standard for paper products (CFASPP). Sanitary pads were selected as a case study to illustrate the discrepancies between PAS 2050, the GHG Protocol, ISO 14067, and CFASPP, for which the annual production CF results were 1424.60, 1481.08, 1453.57, and 1427.04 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) respectively. The main reasons for the different CF results were the cut-off criteria and the inclusion or exclusion of carbon storage, delayed emissions, and energy recovery. Each element increased or decreased 22.57 (carbon storage), 29.96 (cut-off criteria), 10.4 (delayed emissions), and 27.52 (incineration with energy recovery) tons of CO 2 e in the results. With increasing demand, these discrepancies will become increasingly significant and may lead to corporations shouldering more or less carbon emission responsibilities by selecting different standards, which will challenge the fairness of product carbon neutrality management. CFASPP covers all paper product life-cycle stages and places greater emphasis on the aspects of carbon storage, delayed emissions, and energy recovery in incineration, which cannot be ignored for the CF accounting of paper products and other biomass-oriented products. This study aims to provide a more applicable and comprehensive guide for corporations to evaluate the CF of paper products, and to provide a reference for the construction of a carbon-neutral evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under carbon cap-and-trade regulation, to control carbon emissions and improve the recycling efficiency of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) from the traditional offline recycling channel, more enterprises attempt to simultaneously combine the online recycling platform with the digital transformation of the supply chain. Based on a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with dual recycling channels and considering recycling advertising invested both in offline and online recycling channels, this paper attempts to explore the optimal recycling advertising mode which can both achieve economic and environmental performance under cap-and-trade regulation. Therefore, game models including a manufacturer and above either recycler are established, which are respectively correspond to four recycling advertising modes: manufacturer cooperates with neither recycler (MO mode), manufacturer only cooperates with the offline retailer (MR mode), manufacturer only cooperates with the online recycling platform (MT mode), and manufacturer cooperates with either recycler (MRT mode). Consequently, this paper solves the optimal decisions of the tripartite and focuses on the analysis of the impact of cooperative (competitive) recycling advertising under cap-and-trade regulation. By comparing the profits and total carbon emissions of the whole CLSC under four recycling advertising modes, the results indicate that: cooperative advertising between the manufacturer and two recyclers can achieve economic and environmental performance for the whole CLSC if the free-riding phenomenon occurs in recycling advertising. Otherwise, influenced by competitive recycling advertising, the above mode turns to the suboptimal one for the profits of two recyclers and the total carbon emissions of the CLSC. Moreover, driven by economic benefits, cooperative advertising will eventually become a consensus, but the total carbon emissions may not always be the least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to cast-in-situ construction, prefabricated construction reduces the generation of construction waste; however, construction waste cannot be entirely eliminated through prefabrication and can be generated at each stage of its life cycle. This paper generates a system dynamics model, comprising two causal-loop diagrams and one stock-flow diagram, to simulate the effectiveness of policies on decarbonizing prefabricated concrete building waste. The model can predict the annual and total construction waste, along with the associated carbon emissions, under different policy scenarios in China by 2030. This paper focuses on prefabricated concrete buildings in China, with specific attention to the wastage of concrete, bricks, mortar, and metal. In single-factor scenario simulations, increasing landfilling fee is the most effective policy for waste decarbonization, potentially reducing carbon emissions by 31%. Increasing prefabrication rate and enhancing regulation degree at the design phase of prefabrication can directly reduce prefabricated building waste generation, subsequently resulting in an 18% and 7% carbon emissions reduction. Multi-factor scenario simulations demonstrate that the simultaneous application of all four policies is most effective, achieving a 44% reduction in carbon emissions. This research establishes a theoretical framework for prefabricated concrete building waste management and provides the Chinese government with practical insights on optimizing policies for waste decarbonization in the dynamic landscape of prefabrication. • This paper develops the prefabricated building waste generation and disposal systems. • The model predicts the construction waste and associated carbon emissions by 2030. • Raising landfill fee is an effective policy for decarbonizing construction waste by 31.06%. • Prefabrication rate reaching 100% can reduce 18.04% of carbon emissions from waste. • Applying all policies is most effective, achieving a 44.34% carbon emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing global energy demand and limited production of conventional crude oil, the extraction of unconventional heavy and extra-heavy oil is receiving unprecedented attention. China is the fourth largest producer of heavy oil. High viscosity and complex formation environments increase the difficulty of exploiting heavy oil. To alleviate the economic cost and environmental pollution pressure brought by heavy oil production, China has achieved significant advancement in the innovation of heavy oil recovery, including accelerating the transformation of thermal technology to non-thermal technology and the use of new energy technology to achieve the goal of low-carbon economy and green environmental protection. Based on the background of heavy oil in China, this paper recharacterizes the high-viscosity mechanism of heavy oil. From different aspects, including basic principles, main characteristics, applicability, limitations, and challenges, this paper comprehensively reviews existing heavy oil recovery technologies, including thermal recovery, in-situ upgrading, cold recovery, and new energy technologies. Currently, in China, the main target of heavy oil recovery is achieving the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals, which can be described as low energy consumption, low emission, and low pollution. To facilitate the low-carbon transition in the extraction of heavy/extra-heavy oil and attain environmental sustainability goals, it is essential to increase the proportion of non-thermal factors in thermal recovery technologies, develop efficient in-situ catalysts, adopt clean cold extraction techniques, and advance the development of new energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the global fleet of electric vehicles is expanding rapidly, leading to a surge in demand for power batteries, the significance of battery recycling has come sharply into focus. In this paper, we develop a tripartite evolutionary game model coupled with a system dynamics simulation approach to analyze the behavioral mechanisms of stakeholders in electric vehicle battery recycling and to identify the key factors influencing their strategic transformations. The model involves three key stakeholders: local governments, battery cathode manufacturers, and battery pack manufacturers. Through profit analysis and the formulation of a replicator dynamics system, coupled with the application of Vensim for system dynamics modeling, we analyze the effects of ten crucial exogenous variables on stakeholder strategies. Our research highlights the crucial role of government actions, such as subsidies and penalties, in directing corporate strategies. Notably, excessively high subsidies (over 2.1 million Chinese Yuan) lead to dependency among cathode manufacturers. Market factors, including increased battery sales and the preference for low-carbon procurement by electric vehicle manufacturers, are shown to significantly motivate cathode manufacturers to adopt recycling strategies and encourage pack manufacturers to develop recyclable designs. Additionally, the introduction of EU battery regulations and the integration of cathode manufacturers into carbon trading schemes have been identified as positive catalysts for strategic shifts, especially for cathode manufacturers, while exerting minimal influence on pack manufacturers. This paper elucidates the intricate interaction of the behavioral patterns and key motivators affecting stakeholder strategies in electric vehicle battery recycling. [Display omitted] • An evolutionary game model involving local governments, cathode manufacturers, and pack manufacturers is established. • EU battery regulations' impact on the system's evolutionary path is quantified by the sales influence coefficient. • Subsidies over 2.1 million Chinese Yuan lead to path dependency among cathode manufacturers. • When battery sales fall to 4.5 GWh, manufacturers shift from recycling-consistent strategies to opposing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good risk warning model is an effective way to guarantee the stable operation of the carbon market and exert its emission reduction function. This paper takes the China's pilot carbon market as the research object and measures the carbon market risk by ARMA-GARCH-VaR. Then, influential factors are selected as non-market characteristics from the perspective of causality and incorporated into the risk warning model, and SMOTE and SMOTEENN are introduced to deal with the unbalanced samples. Results show that (1) The risk fluctuations of Beijing and Shenzhen carbon market are large, and the risk fluctuations of Guangdong carbon market are relatively smooth in the early period and larger in the recent period. (2) Air quality, average daily temperature, CSI 300, power coal, natural gas, European carbon market, exchange rate, and Baidu index are all important factors in the risk volatility of carbon market. (3) The Classification Decision Tree (CDT) has the best performance. CDT has the best performance in Guangdong carbon market, SMOTE-CDT has the best performance in Hubei carbon market, and SMOTEENN-CDT has the best performance in Shanghai carbon market, in which SMOTEENN-CDT has a 76% Recall. The non-equilibrium treatment improves the overall Recall, and the risk warning model after non-equilibrium treatment can avoid missing important risk points. This paper can provide a certain degree of reference for the improvement of carbon trading market and risk management. [Display omitted] • A carbon market warning model is constructed. • The average VaR of the carbon trading markets in Shenzhen and Beijing is larger. • CDT performs better in market risk warning. • The model improves 34.8% in the avoidance of risk compared with other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, lithium-ion battery storage system has become increasingly popular due to its enormous potential and capacity in renewable energy integration and e-mobility applications leading to achieve global carbon neutrality by 2050. However, the performance of lithium-ion batteries has been affected due to the material degradation as well as varying environmental conditions. Thus, this paper presents analytical evaluation, aiming to investigate the advancement on the state-of-the-art of lithium-ion battery material potential that has been mapped from the hot papers. Accordingly, 73 hot papers (top 0.1% highly cited) have been found using the keyword search on lithium-ion batteries from the Web of Science database published in last 2 years between 2019 and 2021. These hot papers are evaluated using various key factors, including state-of-the-art of lithium-ion battery materials followed by analytical evaluation. The analytical assessment comprises numerous crucial aspects including keyword co-occurrence network analysis, distribution of articles over countries, journals, research types, and subject categories. Moreover, the review explores the concerns, issues and challenges to identify the existing research gaps. Finally, the review uncovers promising research opportunities and directions that will support the researchers towards energy efficiency, environmental sustainability of advanced lithium-ion battery management system. [Display omitted] • Lithium-ion battery material potential is analytically evaluated towards future research directions. • Hot paper earns a significant number of citations which is top 0.1 percent on the field. • The analytical evaluation is comprehensively done based on keyword co-occurrence network analysis. • Existing research gaps, issues and challenges on LIB materials are highlighted for future development. • This study will assist researchers and industries to develop an energy efficient advanced LIB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon trading is widely used as a carbon finance instrument to promote green transformation. This paper focuses on carbon trading's impact on the bond spread for high-carbon enterprises. Using variation in carbon trading access due to pilot policies in China, we find that bonds issued by high-carbon enterprises participating in the carbon trading pilots have lower spreads. Furthermore, the results suggest that carbon trading reduces bond spreads by encouraging high-carbon enterprises to improve their environmental performance. Another channel is the information asymmetry between bondholders and enterprises. More active carbon markets provide investors with more information about enterprises' motivations for reducing carbon emissions, leading to a greater reduction in bond spreads. In addition, the impact of carbon trading is more significant in local SOEs, high-innovation enterprises, and longer-term bonds. Our research helps us understand the importance of carbon trading in achieving a low-carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar thermochemical cycling is a promising approach to utilizing solar energy to produce H 2 and CO, which can be further synthesized into liquid fuels via Fischer-Tropsch reactions, making storage and transportation easier. Despite the potential high theoretical efficiency, factors such as the high temperature and low oxygen partial pressure required for the reduction restrict the large-scale application of this technology. In the near-to-medium term, in order to accelerate the popularization and application of this technology, according to Le Chatelier's principle, the assisted reduction of methane can greatly reduce the demand for high-temperature materials and ultra-low oxygen partial pressure. However, the addition of methane will also bring additional challenges, such as carbon emissions and carbon deposition. Reducing the influence of factors such as material sintering and irreversible loss on system efficiency in the experiment will be essential for the development of this technology. This paper focuses on the methane-driven two-step thermochemical cycle hydrogen production process, summarizes its reaction mechanism, thermodynamic analysis, kinetic analysis, oxygen carrier material doping, and experimental research in detail, and comprehensively analyzes the effect of material properties and irreversible loss on the system. According to thermodynamic and kinetic analysis, rational selection and doping of metal oxygen carrier materials can effectively reduce the reaction temperature, improve gas production rates, and enhance structural stability. Analyzing and trying to reduce various irreversible losses of the system, such as reradiation energy loss, conduction energy loss, etc., and taking appropriate heat recovery measures will help to improve the system efficiency of the actual cycle. This paper would be valuable for the development of this technology and for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. [Display omitted] • The process of methane-driven two-step thermochemical cycles is reviewed. • Searching for high-performance oxygen carriers through doping and modification. • Significantly reduce the temperature and oxygen partial pressure of the reaction. • Pros and cons between methane-driven and non-methane-driven cycles are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of fossil fuels in various sectors, such as power and heat generation, and the transportation sector has been the primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are the main contributors to global warming. Qatar's oil and gas sector notably contributes to CO 2 emissions, accounting for half of the total emissions. Globally, it is essential to transition into cleaner fossil fuel production to achieve carbon neutrality on a global scale. In this paper, we focus on clean hydrogen, considering carbon capture to make hydrogen a viable low carbon energy alternative for the transition to clean energy. This paper systematically reviews emerging technologies in carbon capture and conversion (CCC). First, the road map stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to reach carbon neutrality is discussed along with pathways to decarbonize the energy sector in Qatar. Next, emerging CO 2 removal technologies, including physical absorption using ionic liquids, chemical looping, and cryogenics, are explored and analyzed regarding their advancement and limitations, CO 2 purity, scalability, and prospects. The advantages, limitations, and efficiency of the CO 2 conversion technology to value-added products are grouped into chemical (plasma catalysis, electrochemical, and photochemical) and biological (photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic). The paper concludes by analyzing pathways to decarbonize the energy sector in Qatar via coupling CCC technologies for low-carbon hydrogen, highlighting the challenges and research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy development in industrial parks promotes both industrial and inter-park economies. However, as the number of industrial parks increases and the economic level of the parks rises, energy consumption is also increasing rapidly. The rapid expansion of inter-park trading markets is accompanied by a surge in carbon emissions, making industrial parks increasingly significant contributors to carbon emissions within the industrial sector. In response to this environmental challenge, this paper proposes an integrated trading approach within industrial parks that considers carbon constraints. By implementing a spot trading method for surplus industrial energy, the goal is to mitigate the carbon emission pressure within these parks. Firstly, the paper conducts an analysis of the characteristics of combined heat and power units in industrial parks. It introduces an integrated analysis method within the target region, consolidating information from various park units to enhance flexibility in energy utilization. Secondly, an energy storage model is established. This model efficiently leverages energy storage capacity to balance fluctuations in energy supply and demand within industrial parks, thereby alleviating carbon emission pressure. Finally, the study and analysis of an industrial park in Liaoning Province were conducted using the Yalmip + Gurobi commercial software on the MATLAB platform. Compared with the traditional industrial park, the carbon dioxide emission of the industrial park is reduced by 91.49t, and the energy cost is saved by 11.2 million RMB. Numerical results from instances indicate that this method surpasses traditional trading approaches, aligning with the rigorous standards of scientific research. • An energy storage model is proposed to address the shortage of energy storage in waste heat trading in industrial parks. • A coordinated scheduling program is presented to reduce energy scheduling imbalances between multiple campuses. • The carbon-constrained energy storage device is integrated to improve the decarbonization capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the direct and indirect impacts of the Carbon Emission Trading System (CETS) on the green transition development (GTD) of Chinese cities. This paper constructs a GTD evaluation system from the perspective of prevention and governance at the source, in terms of carbon reduction, pollution reduction, green expansion and growth, and measures the GTD performance of 281 cities based on the EW-TOPSIS model. It is found that the average increase in GTD of the sample cities from 2006 to 2020 is 3.40 %, the GTD progress of the 281 cities has a considerable positive spatial autocorrelation, with the GTD progress of the CETS pilot cities being significantly bigger than that of the non-pilot cities. Further this paper adopts the spatial difference model (S-DID) to scientifically identify the influence mechanism and heterogeneity of the direct and spatial effects of CETS on city GTD, and the results show that CETS has a positive effect on the GTD of both local and neighboring cities. Propensity score matching (PSM) is used to further corroborate these findings. The study also shows that CETS improves local GTD by promoting green innovation, rationalizing industrial structures, and enhancing energy efficiency in cities. Nevertheless, the ensuing siphon effect hinders nearby cities' levels of energy efficiency, industrial structure rationalization, and green innovation. The policy effects of CETS are more significant in large cities, eastern cities, old industrial areas, and non-resource-based cities. CETS can work in synergy with smart city construction, low-carbon city pilot policies, and emission trading policies to accelerate the process of GTD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has committed to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060. Hebei, as a major energy province in China, has more challenging carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets. Based on the extended STIRPAT model, this paper evaluates the time to peak carbon and post-peak carbon trend changes in Hebei province under different scenarios from 2020 to 2060. Based on the support vector machine model with particle swarm optimization, this paper evaluates the carbon neutral pathways under different scenarios in Hebei province from 2020 to 2060 in terms of forests, croplands, wetlands, grasslands and Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS). The results show that a monotonically flat trend without inflection point, a single-inflection-point plateau-period trend and a multi-inflection-point inverted U-wave trend occur after carbon peaks. Hebei Province can achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 under the policy scenario and the enhanced scenario, and the enhanced scenario is better. Comparing with existing studies, the innovation of this paper is to design different trends of changes after carbon peak, combining carbon absorption and carbon emission, and providing more diversified development paths for carbon neutral strategies through a more integrated perspective and multi-scenario comprehensive analysis. Therefore, In the future, Hebei Province should establish a platform for carbon emissions monitoring and carbon footprint assessment, and set up an early warning and assessment mechanism for carbon peaking, so as to prevent a rebound trend in carbon emissions after peaking. At the same time, it should introduce and develop carbon capture and conversion technologies and promote the low-carbon transformation of the industrial and energy sectors, thereby forcing the early realization of peak carbon. Pay attention to the role of forestry resources in carbon neutrality, increase carbon sink resources such as forests and wetlands, promote the development of CCUS, and enhance the implementation of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of China's environmental regulations, with a focus on the green credit policy, on green innovation in pursuit of the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" goal. Given the implementation of the 2012 Green Credit Guidelines, this paper employs the Difference-in-Difference Method (DID) and conducts a quasi-natural experiment to empirically examine the interactions among the central government, local governments, and high-pollution and high-emission enterprises by exploring the impact of green credit policies on green innovation of these enterprises. Relying on 4503 samples of 237 high-pollution and high-emission enterprises listed in the main board in China from 2003 to 2021, this study reveals that the green credit policy can improve green innovation of these enterprises. Specifically, this study explores the detailed mechanism through which the green credit policy enables these enterprises to increase their market concentration and then the monopoly profits, which in turn promotes their green innovative productivity. In addition, this paper also reveals how local governments' political and financial incentives may serve as positive and negative moderating factors, respectively, within the impact mechanism. This study has valuable implications for how to effectively formulate and implement environmental regulations by balancing the interests of the central government, local governments and enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon trading market is a central policy tool for promoting cleaner enterprises' energy consumption and investment behaviors. It is crucial for enterprises to establish a green and low-carbon development model by clarifying carbon trading impact mechanism on enterprise behaviors and the interactive relationship between entities in the carbon market. China's contract-based carbon market is still in the development stage, the impact of the mainstream allowance mechanism and government regulation on enterprises' energy behaviors has yet to be determined. In view of this, this paper describes mathematical mechanisms of the influence of carbon prices and carbon quotas on enterprises' energy consumption and investment, and the evolutionary game model of government-enterprise behaviors is constructed, the evolution process and appropriate strategies of enterprises' energy behaviors in the development of the carbon market are discussed. This paper uses real data of China carbon market to simulate the model, it is found that strategies such as relaxation of carbon quotas and carbon subsidies dynamization are needed during the initial development of the market. In the mature stage of the carbon market, strategies are needed to increase the proportion of government carbon revenue and reduce its regulatory cost. The higher the initial willingness of government-enterprise, the better the effect of strategies and the constraints of public willingness. The model and results have theoretical implications for enterprises' energy transformation and government regulation, and provide a reference for the development of China's carbon market. • Constructed benefit-cost analytical framework for enterprises' energy behaviors. • Described mechanisms of carbon trading affecting enterprises' energy behaviors. • Constructed government-enterprise behaviors model by the evolutionary game theory. • Found new conclusions of enterprises' energy behaviors under the carbon market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the goal of "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutrality" in China, it is significant to explore whether emission reduction commitments contribute to carbon risk premium. Therefore, based on a sample of Chinese listed companies that publicly disclosed questionnaires in the CDP from 2009 to 2021, this paper empirically examines the relationship between emission reduction commitments and carbon risk premium and their formation mechanism. The results show that emission reduction commitments can effectively hedge the carbon risk premium, which pass several robustness tests. Specifically, the more comprehensive and ambitious the commitment is, the greater the suppression of the carbon risk premium. The mechanism test shows that disclosing emission reduction commitment information can reduce carbon risk by improving investor confidence and attracting political resources. Differences in enterprise emission levels, regional environmental regulation intensity and green financial development result in different risk-hedging effects of emission reduction commitments. Moreover, the greater the substantial pressure from stakeholders, the greater the tendency for firms to set up emission reduction commitments. Finally, the heterogeneity analysis reveals that confidence level of commitments has a significant impact on risk premium. Specifically, enterprises with SBTi validation, higher CDP ratings and higher target completion are more helpful in curbing carbon risk premium. Our findings contribute to corporate commitment to climate change and complement the carbon risk premium hypothesis. [Display omitted] The possible highlights of this study are as follows. • With the help of forward-looking information on emission reduction commitments, we re-examine the conclusion of the carbon risk premium and find that emission reduction commitments can effectively hedge the risk premium, enriching and developing the carbon risk premium hypothesis • This paper brings commitment levels and carbon emission levels into a unified analytical framework to study the correspondence between emission reduction commitments made under pressure to reduce emissions and the carbon risk premium, providing micro evidence for solving the mystery of the carbon risk premium. • Measure emission reduction commitment indicators from various angles, making the data on emission reduction commitments more objective and scientific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy-saving construction has promoted the sustainable development of cities and is an important measure to achieve carbon neutrality and peak carbon. This paper uses the synthetic control method(SCM), propensity score matching difference-in-difference model(PSM-DID), spatial Durbin difference-in-difference model (SDM-DID) and other methods to explore the policy effect of energy-saving policy on the green innovation efficiency of Chinese cities based on the New Energy Demonstration City(NEDC) policy as a quasi-natural experiment. The paper has found that establishing NEDC can significantly improve the green innovation efficiency of pilot cities, and its positive impact continues to increase over time. The effect of energy-saving policy has regional heterogeneity, and NEDC can promote the improvement of urban green innovation efficiency more in eastern and central China. The results of PSM-DID further verify the robustness of the previous conclusion. The results of SDM-DID show that NEDC has a positive spatial spillover effect on the improvement of urban green innovation efficiency. NEDC policy can effectively promote the improvement of green innovation efficiency in neighboring cities of pilot cities. Mechanism analysis shows that NEDC affects urban green innovation efficiency by optimizing industrial structure, reducing resource dependence and gathering innovative elements. This paper enriches the research on the effect of urban energy-saving policies and provides policy references for improving urban green innovation capabilities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the significance of China's Industrial Structure Rationalization (ISR) in reducing carbon emissions. To this end, this study uses panel data from 30 Chinese province from 2000 to 2019 to measure the Industrial Structure Rationalization of each province by calculating the Thiel index, base on which a nonlinear autoregressive lagged distribution (NARDL-PMG) model is established to explore the impacts of industrial structure rationalization on carbon emissions. The results show that: (1) There still exist significant regional differences between Eastern and Central-Western regions in industrial structure as illustrated by the ISR index. The industrial structure in Eastern region is more rational; (2) In the long run, the carbon emission in China will drop when the industrial structure becomes more rational; (3) However, in the short run, the carbon emission in China will increase when the industrial structure becomes more rational. Besides the findings above, the major difference between this paper and the extant researches is that this paper pays attention to the relationship between industrial structure rationalization and environmental quality by investigating the asymmetric influences of industrial structure rationalization index's positive and negative shocks on carbon emission, which lays solid foundations for government aiming to set more detailed policies. • Focus on the impact of rationalization of industrial structure on CO2 emissions. • Focused on the linear relationship between industrial structure and carbon emissions. • Attempts to analyze three regional pairs from the East, Central and West regions. • Provide a reference for developing countries to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper moves from the relevance that greenwashing has assumed in recent years and aims to investigate whether the environmental claims made by companies truly reflect their actions. Specifically, it analyzes the relationship between environmental claims and strategic intentionality toward environmental sustainability, proxied by the use and weight of incentives linked to environmental targets in executive compensation plans. By adopting this approach, the study offers a more nuanced perspective on greenwashing, addressing the limitations of the prevalent performance-based view. Based on the analysis of the companies listed on the FTSE Italia All-share index 2021, the paper highlights that companies that draft sustainability plans and declare carbon neutrality goals tend to include environmental targets in their executive compensation plans more frequently and with greater weights compared to other companies. Conversely, merely reporting environmental performance in sustainability (or integrated) reports is not associated with the use of environmental targets in executive compensation plans, suggesting the potential existence of greenwashing practices. The study emphasizes the relevance of considering the executive compensation structure when examining potential signs of greenwashing. It also provides evidence of the need for standardized and transparent corporate compensation disclosure as a significant implication. [Display omitted] • Greenwashing is measured comparing corporate intentionality and environmental claims. • Intentionality is proxied by executive compensation linked to environmental targets. • The diffusion of environmental targets in executive compensation is still limited. • Sustainability plans and carbon neutrality goals signal corporate intentionality. • Nonfinancial reporting alone is not associated with corporate intentionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fair and effective allocation of carbon quotas is crucial for China to achieve its "Double Carbon" goals and the effective operation of its carbon trading market. By constructing a differential game model, this study explored the effects of the technology spillovers and incremental costs of carbon transfers on the allocation of carbon quotas under centralised and decentralised decision-making scenarios with the purpose of maximizing social welfare. This paper proposes a cost-sharing contract to coordinate a supply chain for the loss of social welfare under decentralised decision-making. The results show that the effects of spillovers and incremental costs on carbon quota allocation depend upon the enterprises' abatement costs. The suppliers' carbon quotas are negatively correlated with the spillover effects. The incremental cost effects will be more pronounced for suppliers when their abatement costs are high and they could obtain more carbon quotas accordingly. When the manufacturer's abatement costs are low (high), its carbon quotas decrease (increase) with the spillover effects but increase (decrease) with the incremental costs. The cost-sharing contract achieves Pareto improvements based on improved social welfare and increased carbon quotas for both the manufacturer and supplier. Given the effects of carbon transfer on enterprises with different abatement costs, this paper can provide the government with a reference for designing an allocation mechanism for carbon quotas. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second emission trading market is not active in China so far, and the reason mainly lies in that enterprises do not have strong initiative for transaction. Thus it's meaningful to study related guiding mechanisms from the perspective of enterprises behavior. In this paper, an evolutionary game model and a small-world network model considering stock heterogeneity are constructed based on four given guiding mechanisms, and a simulation study is conducted through China Zhejiang emission trading market. The result shows that: (1) the optimal guiding mechanism is dynamic and changes from reward-punishment for both enterprises with surplus stock and enterprises with insufficient stock to reward-punishment for enterprises with insufficient stock when trading preferential profit coefficient increases to 1. (2) when penalty coefficient changes, the optimal guiding mechanism is the reward-punishment for both enterprises with surplus stock and enterprises with insufficient stock and keeps unchanged. (3) the enterprises with insufficient stock are more sensitive to penalty coefficient and trading preferential profit coefficient, especially to the latter, so it's better to stimulate the emission rights purchasing side and formulate positive reinforcement methods. The study of this paper can provide decision-making suggestions for Chinese government to stimulate the activity of second emission trading market. [Display omitted] • Four guiding mechanisms are given based on implementation objects. • An evolutionary game model is constructed. • A complex network model is constructed considering stock heterogeneity. • The optimal guiding mechanism is simulated and dynamically analyzed. • The policy recommendations are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately predicting carbon price can promote the rational allocation of carbon resources, reducing carbon emissions and contributing to green development. The decomposition integration framework is widely applied for carbon price forecasting, but several problems remain. Thus, this paper innovatively proposes an enhanced decomposition integration model for deterministic and probabilistic carbon price forecasting, which combines two-stage feature extraction and intelligent weight optimization. In order to decrease the complexity of the data and fully extract the characteristics, two decomposition approaches are utilized. For reconstruction, fuzzy entropy is applied to balance model complexity and computing efficiency. Next, the combination forecasting model based on two deep learning models is built to circumvent the constraints of the single forecasting model, and the cuckoo search optimization method (CS) is utilized to find the weight of the combination model adaptively. Considering the differences in the contributions of each component, the optimal weighting strategy based on CS is then used to derive the final forecast. Ultimately, considering the probability interval can provide more helpful information, the decomposition integration framework is supplemented with Gaussian process regression relying on the mixed kernel function for interval prediction. In an empirical study of five carbon trading markets, the hybrid model developed in this paper exceeded all baseline models regarding prediction stability, proving that the developed model can make effective forecasting for the carbon trading business. • An enhanced decomposition integration model is developed for carbon price prediction. • Both deterministic and uncertainty carbon price prediction are performed. • The two-stage feature extraction technique well balances model complexity and computational efficiency. • Intelligent weight prediction integrated model greatly improves the accuracy of prediction results. • The proposed model has excellent performance in carbon price prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the idea of Underground coal gasification coupled with supercritical carbon dioxide storage is proposed based on the problems of Underground coal gasification combustion area and carbon dioxide storage site, which provides a new technical approach for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the coal sector. At the same time, to solve the underground coal pillar design problem in the popularization and application of UCG-CCS, this paper adopts numerical simulation and theoretical analysis methods to reveal the deformation mechanism and bearing characteristics of "hyperbolic" type coal pillar in UCG-CCS. The results of this study are as follows: ① The injection of supercritical CO 2 into the underground goaf can effectively reduce the load of the coal pillar bearing the overlying strata and improve the bearing capacity of the "hyperbolic" protective coal pillar. ② The size of the "hyperbolic" coal pillar in UCG-CCS slightly influences the coal pillar's stability under certain injection pressure. For safety in practical engineering, it is necessary to ensure that the CO 2 injection pressure reaches its critical pressure of 7.38 MPa. ③ Based on numerical simulation results, when the width of the combustion cavity is 40 m, the width of the protective coal pillar is 56 m, the injection pressure of supercritical CO 2 is 7.38 MPa, and the sealing depth ranges from 800 m to 1200 m, the protective coal pillars are in a stable state due to the pressure effect of supercritical CO 2 on the coal pillar and the roof. The research results of this paper have important practical significance for promoting the site selection, product design, and application of UCG-CCS and provide a technical means for the coal industry to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, China formally proposed the goal of achieving carbon peaking in 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality in 2060. Since then, widespread attention has been devoted to determining when and how this goal will be achieved. This paper creatively puts forward the view of low-carbon digital economy from the perspective of resource flow, digital flow and energy flow, and studies the synergy effect of low-carbon digital development by constructing the synergy model of low-carbon digital development economic and social development. Based on theoretical research, this paper constructs a synergy model and evaluation index system between low-carbon digital development and economic and social development, and an empirical analysis was conducted based on data related to regional low-carbon digital development and economic and social development in China from 2014 to 2019. The empirical results show that the development of China's low-carbon digital economy is the main driving force for future economic and social development. The effects of low-carbon digital economy on economic and social development varied across regions due to their different regional development patterns. The spatial pattern shows a trend of "high in the east and low in the west". Further, if the low carbon economy and the digital economy included in the stimulus policies can play a synergistic role, it will be able to play the greatest role in promoting economic and social development. And such a scenario is used as a practice in different regions of China in future. The research conclusion of this paper enriches the discussion on the construction of ecological civilization and the construction of a community with a common future for mankind. The conceptualized model of low-carbon digital economy and economic-social development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the phase-out of subsidies, the Chinese government has issued a series of non-subsidized industrial policies to support the development of the power Lithium-ion Battery (PLiB) industry, recognized as pivotal for achieving carbon neutrality in the transportation department. However, existing literature provides limited evidence on the contribution of non-subsidized industrial policies, particularly to the PLiB industry. To bridge this gap, using data of 31 PLiB listed firms and 279 relevant non-subsidized industrial policies, this paper analyzes the effects of non-subsidized industrial policies on the global value chain (GVC) embedding position. The results reveal that non-subsidized industrial policies significantly raise the GVC embedding position of Chinese PLiB firms, and the positive effects are prone to increase over the research period. Further investigation shows that there is heterogeneity among PLiB firms, with the raising effects on the GVC embedding position being more significant in eastern and middle PLiB firms, private PLiB firms and midstream PLiB firms. The mechanism verification shows that non-subsidized industrial policies raise GVC embedding position of PLiB firms through technological innovation effect and scale economy effect, while competitiveness effect does not give full play. These findings provide important recommendations for better design of the industrial policies to improve the international competitiveness of PLiB industry and other strategic emerging industries. • This study investigates the effects of industrial policy from the perspective of non-subsidized industrial policies. • Non-subsidized industrial policies raise global value chain embedding position of China's Power Lithium-ion Battery firms. • Mechanisms of technological innovation effect, scale economy effect and competition effect are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single Buyer (SB) model has gained traction in many Southeast Asia, Middle Eastern, and North African countries for its blend of centralisation and controlled competition. The semi-liberalised regulatory environment has hindered the integration of cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) as a prosumer within the electricity value chain, despite its pivotal role in enhancing energy efficiency. There is a disconnection in the existing literature as electric supply configurations and enablement of peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading are individually studied. There also lacks the studies addressing electricity as a special commodity and its compatibility with the market. This paper bridges the research gaps by proposing a P2P energy trading market framework that integrates decentralised finance (DeFi) instruments and a cooperative game model. Malaysia, which implements the SB model in its electric supply structure, is selected for a case study. The comprehensive framework develops (1) a stableswap hybrid function automated market maker (HFMM) decentralised exchange (DEX) for P2P trading, (2) a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimisation model to determine the optimal operational strategy with minimised total annualised cost (TAC) of the system, and (3) an allocation scheme based on a cooperative game model to gauge the individual and coalitional cost savings allocations. Overall, this study presents a novel approach to addressing the challenges with innovating the SB model, while also fostering competitions among prosumers. The SB structure of Malaysia is briefly inspected, and the proposed framework is expected to contribute to the growth of macro-level CHP integration in the nation's energy planning. • Stableswap hybrid function automated market maker (HFMM) for peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading. • Optimal operational strategy with minimised total annualised cost (TAC) of the integrated system. • Optimal cost allocation for coalitional facilities based on a cooperative game model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research highlights the impact of renewable energy (REN) sources and natural resources (NRP) on environmental sustainability, but it leaves out the possible consequences of energy production (EP). Additionally, clean environment is addressed by Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 12. This study evaluates the outcomes of meeting the OECD's carbon zero targets by 2050 as well as the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties' 2030 carbon neutrality target. Therefore, evaluating how these factors affect the load capacity factor (LCF) may have pertinent ramifications for the government's pursuit of sustainable development objectives. Therefore, the effects of REN, NRP, and energy efficiency on LCF were examined for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The method of momentum quantile regression (MMQR) is applied during the period of 1990–2022. The results show that REN is increasing LCF by 0.157%–0.161% in four quantiles and NRP is also contributing to environmental quality by 0.385%–0.233% in 25th to 90th quantiles. EP is lowering LCF by 0.091%–0.073% in the long run. The paper provides policy implications for a cleaner environment in OECD nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because transport in the port hinterlands heavily depends on roads with negative externalities, much social interest has been in modal shifts (MSs) to rail and shipping with lower environmental impact. Currently, leading industry sectors to ambitiously embrace technological innovations to decarbonize—consequently, in line with these changes, the significance of MSs should change; however, no previous studies have comprehensively presented the overall CO 2 emissions and transport mode shares for future regional cargo transport. This paper presents a scenario analysis of CO 2 emission reductions in the Japanese domestic hinterland of international maritime container transport based on future scenarios of technological innovation and change in shipper behavior. The simulation results using the global logistics intermodal network simulation model showed that up to 87% CO 2 reduction is possible, and the primary driver for this is technological innovation. Moreover, the significance of MSs fluctuates depending on the advancement of technological innovation, suggesting that MSs hold a degree of import as a decarbonization measure during the transitional phase toward carbon neutrality (CN) as technological innovation advances. The results of this study, which fluctuated considerably by scenario and timing, have policy implications with respect to the path to be followed toward CN, including whether to promote MSs. • Scenario analysis of CO 2 emission reductions in Japanese maritime transportation. • Up to 87% CO 2 reduction possible using technological innovation. • Significance of modal shifts fluctuated with the degree of technological innovation. • Policy implications suggesting that the path toward carbon neutrality is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's climate and environmental problems remained prominent. Energy transition was the key to improve climate and pollution, and it was at a critical period. Previous studies mostly focused on the impact of climate policies on the reduction of air pollutants and the environmental health impacts of individual sector or pathway policies. Thus, focusing on the synergistic abatement of CO 2 and air pollutants and health effects of energy transition in carbon neutrality was significant for building beautiful and healthy China. LEAP-HEA model was constructed to project energy demand, CO 2 and air pollutants, and assess energy transition's environmental health effects from 2020 to 2060. LMDI model was adopted to decompose the abatement contribution. Synergistic assessment index was used to estimate the coordinated abatement effects. Cost-effectiveness of energy transition and regional heterogeneity of PM 2.5 toxicity were not considered. The results indicated: (1) energy demand would decrease and structure would be optimized significantly under deep energy transition scenario. (2) Deep energy transition could promote earlier realization of carbon neutrality. It would contribute significantly to CO 2 and air pollutants abatement with strong synergistic effects. (3) Energy transition would reduce health risks with large economic benefits. Recommendations were proposed based on the conclusions. The framework of LEAP-HEA model. [Display omitted] • The synergistic abatement and health effect of energy transition were explored. • The models of LEAP, LMDI, exposure-response and the data of 2020 were used. • Energy transition would have significant synergistic abatement and health effect. • The paper has significance for promoting carbon neutrality and healthy China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of energy production is constantly evolving, particularly in a low-carbon context, to align with the development of various industries. To pursue the global goal of carbon neutrality, it is essential to strike a balance between traditional energy and clean energy. Thus, it is of great practical significance to forecast different energy production effectively. Firstly, this paper proposes a novel local grey forecasting model to predict different energy production. Energy production has fluctuated in the past few years due to government policies. Secondly, the novel local grey forecasting model focuses on each year's production in the modeling process and uses a kernel function to measure the validity of the information. Meanwhile, different from other grey models, the dynamic model proposed makes it possible that there are no static parameters for the overall prediction. Then, the window width in the local model is determined using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Furthermore, energy production prediction including traditional energy and clean energy production in total North America, Europe and Asia Pacific is conducted. Results show that the novel local grey model has satisfactory prediction accuracy compared with other models, whose MAPEs have controlled under 5% for different energy production. Finally, reasonable suggestions for energy production are proposed to meet various energy needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gliding arc plasma has the advantages of strong reactivity, high energy density, and easy scale-up, so it is very competitive in the field of plasma-based N 2 fixation. In this work, we designed an underwater transfer arc discharge plasma N 2 fixation system based on a reverse vortex flow gliding arc. In full contact with air and water, the plasma could realize the efficient conversion of N 2 , O 2 , and H 2 O, obtaining gaseous NO, NO 2 , and activated water rich in NO x *. The experiment showed that an underwater transfer arc discharge was formed when the current was greater than 0.6 A. Under this operating condition, the conversion rate of N 2 reached 1.63%, the concentration of NO x reached 2.4%, and the production rate of nitrogen-containing products was about 3.41 mol/h. In addition, the energy consumption was as low as 2.21 MJ/mol, the lowest reported value for atmospheric-pressure rotary gliding arc plasma-based N 2 fixation. The generated activated water had abundant NO 3 − and NO 2 − ions, which could be directly applied as N 2 fertilizer in agriculture, promoting plant germination and growth. This paper describes an environmentally friendly and efficient technical route toward developing industrial N 2 fixation/green agriculture, strongly supporting the carbon neutrality concept. • A reverse vortex flow gliding arc under water was developed for N 2 fixation. • The transfer or non-transfer arc can discharge stably in air or under water. • The N 2 fixation energy consumption was reduced to 2.21 MJ/mol. • The plasma-activated water was rapid produced while N 2 fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the traditional dispatching optimization model is to find the most economical scheduling mode, while ignoring the efficient use of renewable energy. To properly arrange thermal power generation and renewable energy power generation, this paper constructs an optimization model of the combined wind–photovoltaic (PV)–thermal dispatching system under a carbon emissions trading (CET) mechanism. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a dispatching optimization model is proposed, which not only considers the total cost but also takes into account the impact of the renewable energy spillage rate on the dispatching system. As a factor affecting renewable energy consumption, a carbon emissions trading mechanism has also been introduced into the dispatching system. The second contribution is to develop a model for predicting the output of renewable energy generation. Then, the optimization model is applied to the auxiliary power dispatching system of the Tianzhong ±800 kV UHV DC transmission channel in Xinjiang. The results indicate that under a carbon emissions trading mechanism, thermal power generation will be limited by the carbon emissions cost, thereby reducing the total cost of the system. Optimizing the spillage rate increases the share of renewable energy in the dispatching system, resulting in a 3.5% reduction in the actual spillage rate. The proposed model alleviates the serious problem of electricity being abandoned in the existing scheduling mode and helps to realize economical low-carbon dispatching of the power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that attempts to transform Australia's urban environment into a sufficiently sustainable one has been misdirected. The 'green rating tool,' industry's adherence to relevant standards and governmental policies represent the primary means of effecting the sustainability transition. However, only high-profile commercial building owners seem interested in being green-rated; the actual end-users of buildings are far less committed (e.g. employees ensconced in commercial buildings and residential home occupiers). Through a systematic review of 103 journal articles published on the topic of end-users and sustainability transition, original findings are presented. The findings reveal that most residential end-users do not purchase green homes and without their 'buy-in,' sustainability transition across Australia will continue to fail. This paper offers a critical analysis of the status-quo, identifying where the effort to generate a sustainable urban environment has been misdirected, what challenges prevail, and why residential end-users have been overlooked. In looking for a way forward that engages end-users, the paper proposes that financial incentives for the purchase of low-carbon buildings must be introduced into the residential real-estate market. And the modeling for this rebate is discussed in terms of emissions trading schemes or carbon tax. • Attempts to transform Australia's urban environment into a sufficiently sustainable one have not generated desirable outcomes. • A systematic review of 103 journal articles is conducted on the topic of end-users and sustainability transition. • Residential end-users do not purchase green homes and without their 'buy[HYPHEN]in,' sustainability transition will fail. • Financial incentives for the purchase of low-carbon buildings must be introduced into the residential real-estate market. • The modeling for the rebate is discussed in terms of emissions trading schemes or carbon tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract 'Local embedding' is a term increasingly used by transition researchers but in a variety of ways. As a concept it is emotive but lacks clarity. The first contribution of this paper is to explore and substantiate the concept of local embedding by drawing on three theoretical fields: socio-technical transitions, domestication studies and research on innovation intermediaries. Emphasis is placed on the work required to integrate low carbon technologies into local contexts of use by aligning multiple system elements into configurations that work. This points to a particular form of actor – those performing relational work between multiple actors and technologies, commonly known as intermediaries – as being central to the process. Three key intermediary processes – of facilitating, configuring and brokering - are thought to define the work that intermediary organisations do. Nonetheless, understanding how these key intermediary processes relate as well as the agency of intermediary organisations in local embedding is still largely uncharted territory. The paper's second contribution is the development of a process perspective on the agency of intermediary organisations in local embedding. The resulting perspective offers a means to situate and understand the agency of user-side intermediaries in local embedding and insights into later phases of transition processes. Highlights • The concept of 'local embedding' is examined and substantiated. • A new process perspective on agency of intermediaries is developed. • The paper finds their primary role to be the alignment of multiple system elements. • Paper extends attention to the development and use of low carbon technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rigorous environmental legislations and competitive economics worldwide, a growing number of companies are devoted to recovering and remanufacturing used products. Consequently, over the past few decades, the management of manufacturing/remanufacturing systems has been receiving increasing attention from researchers and companies leaders. Most of the existing research papers in the literature considered that remanufactured products have the same quality and price as new ones. However, in practice, the market perceives new items as higher quality products rather than remanufactured items. This paper aims to bridge the gap in research on manufacturing/remanufacturing supply chain, by investigating an optimal storage and manufacturing/remanufacturing planning, while taking into consideration the difference between new and remanufactured items, random machine failures, carbon constraints and distinct random customer demands for both items types. Furthermore, to make our system more realistic, it is assumed that the return rate of used items depends on the sales in the past periods, machine repair time is stochastic and set-up time period is not negligible. In this study, two models are developed, considering carbon emissions or not, to determine the optimal values of the manufacturing/remanufacturing period lengths and serviceable stock capacities of new and remanufactured items. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the impact of set-up cost, percentage of returned used items, machine availability, carbon cap and carbon trading price on the optimal storage and production planning. Moreover, the influences of carbon cap, carbon trading price and percentage of returned used items on carbon emissions have been analyzed. The results reveal that set-up cost, percentage of returned used items and machine availability have significant impact on storage and production planning of new and remanufactured items. In addition, the results indicate that a lower carbon cap and/or a high carbon trading price, induce the producer to collect and remanufacture used items and curb carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of clean energy is a way to address global carbon neutrality and carbon peaking. The use of solar energy to drive the decomposition of water by semiconductors to prepare hydrogen is one of the research directions of hydrogen energy. In this paper, phosphorus elements were doped in Co 3 (PO 4) 2 by high-temperature phosphorylation. UV–Vis experiments shows that the color of the phosphorylation catalyst changed from pink to black-purple, and its light absorption range and intensity were significantly increased. SEM images revealed that many nanoparticles were grown on the catalyst surface. XPS experiments demonstrated the growth of stable P (δ−)-Co bond on the catalyst surface. The P (δ−)-Co bond can inhibit the complexation of photogenerated electron and hole pairs and enhance the transport efficiency of photogenerated electrons, thus improving the hydrogen production performance. Electron capture by P (δ−)-Co bond in photocatalytic hydrogen precipitation reactions. Hydrogen production kinetics demonstrate that phosphorus-doped Co 3 (PO 4) 2 releases three times more hydrogen than C O3 (PO 4) 2. This paper provides a novel design solution for the photocatalyst preparation method. • Generation of P (δ−)-Co bonds by one-step high-temperature phosphorylation. • The recombination of photoinduced electron-hole pairs was inhibited. • Highly improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity was obtained. • Hydrogen evolution performance is 3 times of the CO 3 (PO 4) 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the carbon compensation mechanism as a tool to promote coordinated economic and environmental development in China's Jing-Jin-Ji region (Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei). A novel approach for calculating carbon compensation cost that integrate emission responsibility as well as carbon abatement cost through a bi-level programming model is proposed. Shared producer and consumer responsibility is established for carbon emissions under the multi-regional input-output model. Marginal abatement costs of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei are further calculated through the input-output and linear programming method. Results highlight that the emission responsibility allocation method significantly affects the inter-regional carbon compensation amount. The production-based approach leads to a 77% reduction of carbon compensation amount from Beijing to Hebei, and a 170% overestimation from Tianjin to Hebei compared with the shared responsibility approach in 2060. The optimal carbon compensation unit cost ranges from 1539 to 6438 yuan/ton when the carbon reduction ratio ranges from 10% to 20%. Beijing would compensate Hebei 3.56 and 29.74 billion yuan for achieving 10% and 20% emission reduction, respectively. Similarly, Tianjin's compensation for Hebei would be 0.23 and 1.87 billion yuan in the two scenarios. Results further show that implementing the proposed carbon compensation mechanism can reduce total abatement cost by 43% and 84% in Jing-Jin-Ji under the two scenarios. The methods and results of this paper could help inform future carbon compensation implementation in China and other countries. • Develop a bi-level programming model to determine optimal carbon compensation cost. • Consider emission responsibility and carbon abatement cost in Jing-Jin-Ji. • Resulting mechanism reduces abatement cost by 43% for 10% emission reduction. • Production-based allocation underestimates carbon compensation amount by 62%. • Optimal carbon compensation unit cost changes with marginal abatement cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, this work proposes a novel municipal solid waste (MSW) oxygen-fuel combustion system driven by electrolytic oxygen production from renewable energy. Then, the corresponding mathematical model is established, which includes the supply sub-model related to the renewable energy generation process and water electrolysis process, the storage sub-model with battery and oxygen tank, and the demand sub-model of the oxygen-fuel combustion process, featuring a mixed integer linear programming one. To describe in-out characteristics of the MSW oxygen-fuel combustion system, two methods with pre-defined parameters and simulation models, are adopted respectively in this paper. Taking the minimum total cost of the system as an optimization target, the configuration scheme and operating strategy of the oxygen-fuel combustion system can be obtained. An example of an MSW plant coupled with a photovoltaic (PV) system is adopted as a case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Results show that the design schemes can be determined by two proposed methods, but the one with simulation models superiors to describe the in-out performance of the MSW oxygen-fuel combustion system. What's more, the effects of the intrinsic intermittence and fluctuation of renewable energy on the MSW oxygen-fuel combustion process are investigated comprehensively, by analyzing the operation scheme of the proposed system. Finally, the environmental impacts of the MSW oxygen-fuel combustion system driven by electrolytic oxygen production from renewable energy are evaluated. A scheme diagram of the oxygen-fuel combustion system of municipal solid waste driven by electrolytic oxygen production from renewable energy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As major strategic development areas in China, the provinces around the Yangtze River are facing the pressure of large aggregate CO 2 emissions and high per capita CO 2 emissions. The study on the pathway of reducing CO 2 emissions and increasing carbon sequestration will help China better clarify the ways realize the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality as soon as possible. In this paper, the extended STIRPAT model and OLS regression were used to establish a prediction model to estimate the CO 2 emissions during 2010–2060 under different scenarios. Meanwhile, the InVEST model was used to estimate the carbon sequestration, and the comparison with the CO 2 emissions was analyzed. The results show that Qinghai and Yunnan have achieved the goal of carbon neutrality in 2010. Under the low-carbon and energy-saving scenario and the baseline scenario, all provinces within the study area are anticipated to attain their emissions peak by 2030 or earlier, and the CO 2 emissions peak value of the whole study area is 3111 Mt and 3199 Mt, respectively. While under the high emissions scenario, only Chongqing and Qinghai will reach the emissions peak in 2030, and the whole study area will reach the emissions peak in 2040, with peak value of 3470 Mt. Under the three scenarios, the whole study area cannot achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Only Sichuan and Hubei can achieve carbon neutrality in 2050 and 2060 under the low-carbon and energy-saving scenario. All provinces and municipalities in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are facing huge pressure of emissions reduction. The research reveals that the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality should be achieved by developing clean energy, transforming industrial structure, increasing carbon sequestration and improving carbon emissions trading system. [Display omitted] • The CO 2 emissions showed a pattern of increase during 2010–2020. • The whole study area will achieve carbon peak by 2040 or earlier. • The whole study area cannot achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. • The realization pathway of carbon peak and neutrality was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon markets are widely recognized as effective strategies for regulating carbon emissions from the enterprises of the high-carbon industry. Accurate monitoring of emissions in these enterprises is crucial for ensuring fair and trusted carbon trading. However, traditional monitoring methods have encountered various challenges including poor accuracy, low frequency, significant hysteresis and weak credibility. Addressing these concerns, this paper introduces a novel, multi-trusted, high-frequency monitoring approach for the measurement of both direct and indirect carbon emissions of enterprises, utilizing externally available multi-source big data, vertical federated long short-term memory network with a self-attention mechanism (VF-LSTMSA) and additive homomorphic encryption. The efficacy of this model is thoroughly assessed via case studies on six hourly datasets from the power and steel sectors. Our principal findings include: (1) In the current scenario, the proposed VF-LSTMSA model demonstrates superior federated efficiency, improving with the inclusion of more federated participants. (2) The VF-LSTMSA model surpasses other prevalent AI models, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of less than 9% across power and steel datasets. (3) The advanced high-frequency carbon emission monitoring method exhibits errors of +0.28%, +1.29%, and −0.41% in the current scenario monitoring task, suggesting that the model effectively leverages multi-source externally available big data to precisely monitor the target enterprise's carbon emissions while safeguarding multi-party data security. These findings suggest that the proposed monitoring method can accurately track corporate hourly carbon emissions, significantly improving the carbon trading and verification processes for enterprises [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The five major power generation corporations dominate the power industry in China, and play vital roles in China's carbon trading scheme. Under this circumstance, this paper studies the allocation of carbon emission quotas to China's five major power generation corporations based on the fairness and efficiency principles, which proves the primary prerequisite for setting up the national carbon market. Specifically, a bi-level programming model is developed to optimally allocate carbon emission quotas to the corporations, and then a zero sum gains data envelopment analysis (ZSG-DEA) model is adopted to evaluate the efficiency of the allocation so as to adjust towards the optimal solution. The results indicate that power generation has significantly positive influence on the allocation of carbon emission quotas. Moreover, the difference between the sum of optimal carbon emissions and the sum of carbon quotas allocated is 1.431 billion tons, which implies that the emission reduction potential of the five major power generation corporations is tremendous. Finally, the bi-level model in this paper can well capture the context of China's power industry and provide effective results for the allocation of carbon quotas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions from the tourism industry are an important measure of the impact tourism has on the environment. Previous studies are predominantly focused on the static estimation of carbon emission from tourism transport. The effective estimation and analysis of carbon emission flows from self-driving tourism, and it’s related determinants, has become increasingly important. Using expressway traffic flow data at the level of toll-gate across Jiangsu Province in China (2014), this paper has estimated the carbon emission flows from self-driving tourism between counties, analyzed the spatial patterns of its inflow, outflow and net flows, and modelled the determinants of these flows globally and locally using the geographically weighted regression method. The spatial distribution of these flows show high concentration in the South, gradually decreasing to the North. The two geographically weighted regression models demonstrate that the determinants of both inflows (the per capita gross domestic product. and the scenic spot’s score) and outflows (the per capita and total population of permanent residents) indicate spatial non-stationarity across Jiangsu province. The flow perspective and geographically weighted regression methods used in this paper have been proven to be effective in theoretical understanding and methodogical analysis of carbon emission trading. It is concluded that the spatial variation of these determinants has provided important evidence for carbon emission trading at county level. This suggests that local governments should take the variations of per capita gross domestic product, score of attractive spots and total population of permanent residents into the process of estimating carbon emission trading between counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the urgency of the transition to renewable energy, this study examines the challenges and opportunities associated with the electrification of heavy-duty vehicles, particularly new energy construction dump trucks, in China. Through a combination of policy analysis and empirical research, it investigates drivers' purchase intentions towards these alternative energy vehicles in a designated study area. The findings reveal that while policies aimed at encouraging adoption are in place, drivers' purchase intentions remain low due to factors such as high costs, technical concerns, inadequate infrastructure, and satisfaction with existing trucks. Specifically, the study identifies key technical challenges, including battery performance and range limitations, and advocates for a shift in policy support towards product development to address these issues. Overall, the paper highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that combines policy incentives with technological advancements to promote the widespread adoption of new energy construction dump trucks in China and achieve sustainability and carbon neutrality goals in the transportation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power sector significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, making its transition to low-carbon energy crucial for achieving carbon neutrality. Zhengzhou, recognized as one of the China's "National Central Cities", has a high energy demand. Its power sector, which is primarily reliant on coal, is responsible for half of the city's CO 2 emissions. The low emissions analysis platform (LEAP) model serves as an effective tool for exploring the power sector's transition to low-carbon sources. However, studies on the combined reduction in air pollutants and CO 2 at the city level are scarce. This study focuses on Zhengzhou's power sector, examining the power composition, coal usage, CO 2 and air pollutant emissions, social costs, and employment effects across five scenarios using LEAP. The five scenarios are the business-as-usual scenario, the reference scenario, the carbon neutrality scenario, and two optimization scenarios with different carbon peak and carbon neutrality time. CO 2 emissions will peak in 2030 at 34.6 Mt in the reference scenario, and in 2022 at 32.4 Mt in the carbon neutrality scenario. Emissions in the reference and carbon neutrality scenarios will decrease by 64.8% and 75.2%, respectively, from those in the business-as-usual scenario due to emission reduction strategies. In the carbon neutrality scenario, coal power reformation is the most significant measure, accounting for 45.7% of the total CO 2 reduction compared to that in the business-as-usual scenario, followed by the integration of external electricity (17.8%) and solar energy (13.6%). This scenario also demonstrated a strong synergistic effect on reducing air pollutants and CO 2 emissions. Although the carbon neutrality scenario incurs costs 60.4 billion yuan higher than those of the reference scenario, its CO 2 mitigation cost is 66.1 yuan/t lower. This indicated that more rapid CO 2 reduction, despite higher economic inputs, is justified by ambitious CO 2 reduction goals and environmental benefits. Enhancing the use of renewable energy technologies for research and development to lower costs could increase the economic feasibility of the carbon neutrality scenario. In the two optimization scenarios, complete elimination of CO 2 and air pollutant emissions is achieved by 2060, with all the electricity generated from renewable sources, although issues of uncertainty and stability need to be addressed. The study also highlights that renewable energy development will significantly boost employment, with an estimated 1.19 million jobs in 2060 in the carbon neutrality scenario. Finally, the paper concludes with a sensitivity analysis and offers policy recommendations for the power sector's low-carbon transition. [Display omitted] • Low-carbon transition paths of Zhengzhou power sector are investigated by scenario analysis. • Coal power reformation and external electricity are effective measures for CO 2 reduction. • Synergistic reduction of air pollutants and CO 2 is achieved in the CAN scenario. • The CAN scenario has a good cost-effectiveness of CO 2 mitigation. • Policy recommendations for Zhengzhou power sector are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical lignin (TL) is a solid waste generated in industrial activities including pulp and paper mills and second-generation (2G) biorefineries. After isolation processes, TL is available in large quantities and has favorable compositional characteristics to produce high-performance activated carbons (ACs), such as low amount of residual carbohydrates, high reactivity due to the presence of different functional groups, and high aromatic carbon content. The value of the AC market is projected to reach US$ 7 billion by 2028, led by the water treatment sector. This work provides a brief overview of the status quo in the production of new adsorbents from TL, focusing on biorefineries, together with a bibliometric and patentometric survey. This evidenced a scarcity of publications on this topic, with the primary focus being on chemical modification of TL. A notable increase was observed in the production of ACs for electrochemical applications. Only a few patents were found on the subject, with China predominating technological development in this area. The findings revealed a technical-scientific-economic potential that has been largely unexplored, as no TL-derived AC from 2G biorefineries has yet been produced and applied in water treatment. Hence, there is excellent potential for the wider commercialization of AC produced from TL, representing an excellent opportunity to recycle TL and support the bio-based circular carbon economy, while also contributing to carbon emission neutrality. The marketing of high-performance ACs produced from TL could make biorefineries more profitable and less sensitive to market price fluctuations, while becoming carbon-neutral multiproduct platforms. [Display omitted] • Technical lignin (TL) has untapped technical-scientific-economic potential. • Production of activated carbon is a technological way to add value to TL. • Bibliometrics and patentometrics indicate a scarcity of value-added TL products. • Biorefineries as key contributors to carbon neutral emissions in the energy sector. • New opportunities and challenges identified for excess TL in 2G ethanol plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

- The integration of multi-energy sources in microgrids offers a promising approach to address the challenges of energy efficiency and bolster environmental stewardship. This paper presents a novel optimization scheduling model for multi-energy microgrids (MEMG) with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology in various renewable energy scenarios. The model effectively coordinates integrated demand response (IDR) and the flexible operation of waste heat utilization, enhancing energy utilization efficiency while ensuring user satisfaction. Furthermore, introducing flexible operation combined with ladder-type carbon trading minimizes operating costs and carbon emissions. The improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to solve the eco-economic economic scheduling model. Simulation analysis shows that integrating CCS into MEMG can reduce carbon emissions by 74.4%, while lowering the overall cost by 37.9%. These findings not only improve MEMG's low-carbon and economic efficiency but also pave the way for environmentally responsible energy management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yangtze River Major Conservation (YRMC) Action has been strategically crafted to catalyze industrial evolution within the Yangtze River basin, aligning with China's goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, particularly from the corporate perspective. Despite its significance, the potential impact of this initiative on corporate environmental performance (CEP) remains understudied. To address this gap, we utilize panel data from Chinese firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares (2012–2020) and employ the difference-in-differences (DID) method to investigate the causal relationship between the YRMC Action and the CEP. The main findings are threefold: (i) Firms located within a 100 km radius of the Yangtze River's main stream have exhibited an average increase of 0.1497 units in CEP due to the implementation of the YRMC Action, which are consistently validated across robustness tests; (ii) Mechanisms driving this enhancement include incentivizing firms to undertake green technological R&D programs, securing governmental green R&D subsidies, and credit incentives; and (iii) Heterogeneity analyses show that firms closer to the main stream of the Yangtze River, particularly those upstream and led by senior executives with awareness of green initiatives, have contributed to more pronounced improvements in CEP. This paper highlights policy implications for optimizing the incentive effects of the YRMC Action and strengthening the environmental regulatory governance to ensure enduring enhancements in CEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carbon Emission Trading (CET) system has been independently implemented in dozens of countries to protect the environment. Meanwhile, there are efforts underway to establish a Unified Global CET (UG-CET) system, which aims to better coordinate emission reduction efforts worldwide and protect the global environment. However, these efforts overlook the issue of data security, which may raise concerns for countries considering participation in such a system. In this paper, we propose a UG-CET system that addresses data security concerns. Firstly, it safeguards cross-border data by not requiring countries to share detailed data, but only providing generalized data. Secondly, it is capable of auditing data, ensuring data consistency even in the absence of shared original data. Therefore, it respects the interests of participating countries by not only protecting their own data but also ensuring the authenticity of data shared by other countries. Finally, the proposed scheme is validated using authentic CET data, and the results demonstrated that it can maintain a high efficiency while achieving a verification accuracy of 99.6%, effectively ensuring the security and consistency of the data flow in carbon emission trading. [Display omitted] • A unified global carbon emissions trading framework is established. • The framework focuses on addressing the data security issues, aiming to enhance the data quality. • It avoids the cross-border transfer of detailed carbon emission data. • It not only results in efficient audits but also protects the data security on Country Chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delineates the impact of digital infrastructure construction (DIC) on carbon emission efficiency (CEE) within the ambit of China's "Broadband China" pilot policy (BCP). A quasi-natural experimental framework reveals direct effects, indirect influences, non-linear relationships, and spatial heterogeneity of DIC on CEE. The research distills several pivotal insights: (1) DIC exerts a markedly positive impact on CEE, as evidenced by comprehensive robustness analyses. (2) The digital service industry agglomeration and green technology innovation act as key mechanisms through which DIC influences CEE. (3) The intensity of BCP exhibits an "inverted U-shaped" relationship with CEE. As the level of CEE increases, the impact of DIC on CEE gradually rises, demonstrating a marginal increasing effect. (4) The spatial spillover effects of DIC on CEE vary with increasing distance, revealing a dichotomy: an "agglomeration shadow" within 200 km of policy pilot cities and a pronounced stimulative effect on CEE within a 200–300 km radius. (5) The efficacy of DIC in enhancing CEE is augmented by proximity to central cities, with the optimal radius of influence for central cities determined to be 200 km, beyond which a diminishing gradient effect is observed, forming a "core-peripheral" spatial pattern. The findings endorse the strategic augmentation of digital infrastructure as a lever for economic and environmental co-benefits, steering towards carbon neutrality and equitable regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the worsening environmental pollution and China's carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, it is imperative to study the low-carbon travel behavior of urban residents. Previous research has mainly focused on objective environmental factors, subjective behavioral factors, and low-carbon travel behavior. However, the evolving decision-making of local governments, community residents, and individuals within the low-carbon travel system still needs to be explored. Tripartite evolutionary game theory is an effective method for studying the dynamic changes in strategies among limited rationality multiple actors in long-term repeated games, making it applicable to this study. Therefore, this paper simulates participants' behavior using evolutionary game theory, conducts stability analysis of equilibrium points of the replicator dynamic system using the Lyapunov first method, derives evolutionarily stable strategy combinations under different conditions, and finally performs simulation analysis using Matlab. The simulation results indicate: (1) By implementing reasonable incentive mechanisms, Local governments can encourage citizens to adopt low-carbon travel and community transformation. They should pay attention to their expenditures and subsidies, manage their spending to reduce consumption, maximize efficiency, and strive to achieve carbon emission reduction goals. (2) The likelihood of residents choosing low-carbon travel is mainly influenced by direct advantages such as health and economy in the initial stages, and later, it is more affected by the indirect benefits brought about by subsequent objective environmental changes. (3) The cost of renovation significantly affects the built environment of communities, leading to a reduction in renovation costs and the adoption of uniform standards and, consequently, stimulating enthusiasm for community transformation. The research findings suggest that the government can collaborate with the public to reduce carbon emissions by implementing specific environmental changes and providing incentives to encourage citizens to participate in low-carbon transportation. Simultaneously, the government can cooperate with the public, considering the quality of environmentally friendly transportation for citizens, formulating uniform regulations, reducing renovation costs, and achieving the highest low-carbon goals with minimal financial expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]