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The utilization of renewable energy sources to produce electricity is capable of relieving the pressure of limited natural resources and achieving the sustainability of future energy. This paper addresses a multi-period multi-feedstock multi-technology biomass-based power generation supply chain planning problem with parameter uncertainty, balancing economic, environmental, and social objectives simultaneously. However, the main challenges in optimizing this problem are correlated with multiple conflicting objectives and uncertain parameters. This study proposes a novel globalized robust goal programming model with goal constraints to balance three conflicting objectives using priority levels and characterize the uncertainty of unit emissions and social scores by inner–outer uncertainty sets. After transforming globalized robust environmental and social goal constraints into their equivalent forms, the tractable counterpart of the proposed model is obtained, which is mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated through a case study about the design of a sustainable biomass-based power generation supply chain (SBPSC) network in Hubei Province, China. Computational results reveal that by adjusting several parameters, environmental and social aspired goals consistently can achieve, whereas the economic objective is vulnerable to being influenced. Comparative studies with nominal goal programming model and robust goal programming model indicate that the proposed model is uncertainty-immunized and less conservative. Under investigated circumstances, the realized economic profit by the proposed model is approximately 42.5% higher than that of the robust goal programming model on average. • A pair of uncertainty sets is presented to characterize the parameter uncertainty. • Globalized robust environmental and social goal constraints are established. • Established goal constraints are transformed into their computationally tractable forms. • A novel globalized robust goal optimization method is proposed to balance three conflicting objectives using priority structure. • A case study shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]