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Circular economy principles can lead to a series of opportunities to tackle climate change, particularly in cities of developing countries where the generation of waste, consumption and demand for energy is growing rapidly. This paper aims to advance the understanding of the expansion of circularity for tackling climate change using biomass for energy at the urban scale. In addition, little is known about how Circular Economy (CE) flows can be quantitatively integrated, what potential trade-offs exist in promoting Circular Economy using biomass, and how governance models can integrate these flows and contribute to a Circular Economy transition in cities. Based on an empirical study of a city in India, where the private sector participation through an innovative Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model enabled the use of urban wastewater in thermal power plants, the study presents the viability of Circular Economy models at the city scale. The feasibility of a further expansion of this circularity by co-firing biomass in local thermal power plants was analyzed, as a potential solution for reducing pollution and carbon emissions in a hard-to-abate sector. The result indicated an average 20.5 MJ kg−1 calorific value for torrefied mixed biomass pellets from crop residues, which, if applied to about 447 kt y−1 surplus biomass available in Nagpur would amount to 9.18 PJ of energy (per year). Overall, local power plants demanded about 19.85 Mt of coal in 2017–18, equivalent to 297.8 PJ in that fiscal year. Thus, the supply of torrefied pellets from peri-urban crop residues can meet between 2 and 3% of the demand from coal-fired power plants, resulting in a 0.3% decrease in the emissions from the power sector in India in 2017–18 (i.e., 922 MtCO 2), benefiting different sectors and levels of government. The analysis provides a framework for understanding the technical and institutional possibilities for strengthening the relationship between circular economy and climate change in the cities of developing countries by connecting flows and systems within and beyond urban centers. Therefore, the expansion of Circular Economy in cities can occur by integrating urban sectors and policy coordination at different levels of governance. Partnerships between local governments, utilities, and civil society for co-managing energy, water, and waste in cities can reduce the financial burden on national governments, including meeting national emission targets. [Display omitted] • Urban circular economy can be advanced using biomass in thermal power plants. • Our model estimates biomass contribution to national decarbonization targets. • Biomass pellets can meet between 2 and 3% of the demand from local coal-fired power plants. • Such replacement accounts for a 0.3% decrease (or 922 MtCO 2) in the emissions from India's power sector. • Results contribute to the design of CE models for cities and regions by including different levels of government and sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is the most prominent sustainable rescue to satisfy the present-day increasing energy demand. Storage technology must also mature to complement its large-scale integration feasibility and mitigate intermittent, unpredictable, and unscheduled electricity sources. With the enhancement in technology and sustainability impact, battery energy storage systems are gaining popularity. The wide range of applications and their constraints are reviewed in this literature. Different models, such as system-resilient, planning, operational, etc., are analyzed in the present context. Application of BESS is restricted due to the temperature rise caused by heat production as it operates, which may eventually lead to fire hazards. The battery thermal model can be coupled with equivalent circuit model. Integrating electrical ECM with the thermal model involves estimating terminal voltage and current. In this work, evaluations and comparisons of different ECM are demonstrated, and their advantages and disadvantages are juxtaposed concerning the model's structural complexity, accuracy, simulation run time, and differential equations. However, the storage capacity of the battery fades over time. Therefore, this paper reviews various causes of deterioration and different battery degradation models. This is followed by inspecting multiple active, passive, and hybrid battery thermal management systems. A novel model is proposed to realize optimal scheduling in conjunction with spatiotemporal parasitic redressal. Further, with the understanding of BTMS, the study attempts to correlate the safety issues related to BESS, earmarking some significant accidents through the root cause analysis. This work also highlights the abiding codes and standards. An intimately interconnected and explicable technological upliftment in the avenues mentioned above is leading India in the field of BESS, and a list of systems at an appreciable stage of development in India is presented towards the end. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]