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This paper explains the evolving role of the local supply chain across different disruption scenarios. A systematic literature review of 91 papers from 33 journals supports definition of the local supply chain and explication of benefits before, during and after COVID-19 disruption. Resilience emerges as the prevalent benefit at each stage, but to varying scales. In the pre-COVID-19 era, where the local supply chain serves as a back-up approach to the more dominant global supply chain, localisation's capacity to absorb change promotes resilience to mitigate low-magnitude disruption. At initial outbreak of COVID-19 disruption the local supply chain was necessitated as an emergency response to the untenability of global operations, demonstrating transformational resilience to survive. As disruption continued, the local supply chain upscaled and adapted to recover. In the post-COVID-19 era, resilience is expected to remain a strategic priority, promoting continued investment in local operations to thrive with embedded resilience. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic welcomed a point of transition for the local supply chain as capacities and benefits are revaluated and localisation recognised as critical in developing resilient supply networks for the future. This study consolidates this evolution to offer a propositional framework showcasing the local supply chain across different disruption scenarios. This offers long overdue definition and explanation of the local supply chain and its relationship with resilience, addressing an existing lack of academic attention and encouraging alignment of local-versus-global decisions with changing strategic priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of designing a supply chain network (SCN) is to develop chain profitability and customer satisfaction. The appropriate design of this network plays a crucial role in obtaining the goals of the supply chain, in particular, the level of responsiveness and efficiency. This paper reports on designing a resilient and sustainable biomass supply network by an optimization method based on the uncertainty in bio-energy demand and the disruption in the bio-refinery. First, the relation between resilience factors and sustainability indicators is determined by specifying the critical resilience factors and sustainability indicators of the biomass supply chain (BMSC). Then, the practical resilience factors in the BMSC are prioritized through multi-criteria decision method (MCDM). The factors of higher priority are considered in the proposed model. The objective function is of a profit maximization type. A robust approach is proposed for overcoming the uncertainty in bioenergy demand. The results of solving models by General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software, are given for representing the model applicability. The sensitivity analysis is carried out to examine whether the amount of residual capacity has changed the impact of the disruption. The applicability of the proposed approach was investigated through a case study in the "SATBA" Organization of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business model innovation consists of new ways of defining, creating, and capturing value including non-monetary value, and is an indicator of crossing traditional sector boundaries, thereby providing the necessary agency to achieve significant new market opportunities around technological innovation. Individual businesses may lack the scope or depth of competencies required, especially in the case of entrenched industrial structures, framings, regulatory provision, and consumer attitudes. Business models are thus potentially ossified within highly structured socio-technical systems. This article analyses innovation in business models arising from the confluence of two mature and stable industries under conditions of external pressure, deregulation, privatisation, and the emergence of a new, shared interest. We illustrate the paper with examples of vehicle manufacturers developing business concepts for vehicle-to-grid, domestic energy, second life, and industrial electricity provision from renewable energy. We find that in the period 2012 to 2020, 17 vehicle manufacturers used 38 electric models to test a diverse menu of options established from four applications with changes in boundary conditions that have influenced business model innovation. This process created space for energy policy and mobility policy to become increasingly intertwined as battery electric vehicles enter the mass market, raising questions over the future of automobility as well as electricity generation and distribution. • Electricity and automotive socio-technical systems are overlapping. • Potential synergies of system confluence are identified. • System confluence and transition shown to be shaped by business model experimentation. • Multiple business model experiments seen in search for the right solutions. • Prospects for commercial realization remain uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) is an inseparable component of any industrial society, where truck transportation is the most applied transportation solution for hazmat due to its versatility and flexibility, especially for short-distance and direct shipments. This paper explores the application of robust optimization in hazmat location-routing problems with edge unavailability, time-dependent parameters, and delivery time window. To be specific, random disruptions are formulated as a scenario-based robust optimization model, which is integrated with a vehicle routing problem with time windows, and then solved by an augmented epsilon constraint method. In applying the robust optimization, variabilities in cost and risk functions are introduced as critical indicators for designing robust and reliable transportation plans. In the end, the model is applied to a real-world hazmat transportation network, from which practical insights are derived. The resulting assessments shed light on the trade-off between hazmat risk versus cost, and introduce several useful indicators to facilitate the carrier in making appropriate decisions. [Display omitted] • The location-routing decision for hazmat is studied considering multiple paths between nodes. • A scenario-based robust optimization method is developed to cope with edge unavailability. • Time-dependent parameters and time windows are integrated with the model. • Several useful indicators are defined to derive practical managerial insights. • A real-world inter-city case study is applied to illustrate the applicability of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]