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This paper proposes an integration of waste heat recovery system and exhaust gas recirculation system to break the inherent trade-offs between NOx and carbon emissions of marine low-speed diesel engine. It is significant important to break these trade-offs, because Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index may not be met, though Energy Efficiency Design Index and Tier III can be already achieved for old ships. The waste heat recovery system consists of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle and Kalina cycle, where the integration of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle and Kalina cycle is achieved in the parallel style. This paper uses the classical thermodynamics in terms of engineering approach to carry out the parameter analysis of combined system first. The optimization is conducted in terms of efficiency, energy density and techno-economy with the introduction of global optimal policy. The results showed that the highest efficiency of 52.32% at Tier III mode can be achieved, at which the net power, exergy efficiency, area per unit power output and levelized energy cost can be achieved by 1568.57 kW, 45.75%, 0.589 m2/kW and 0.114$/kWh at main engine load of 85%. Further, the net power output of waste heat recovery system can reach 1085.76 kW and 2043 kW at Tier II mode and Tier III mode, while the recovering rate of waste heat recovery system can reach over 5% at Tier III mode. Finally, the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index of a container ship equipping with such combined system can be reduced from 9.50 to 9.05. • Supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton-Kalina combined cycle is parallelly proposed. • Integration of exhaust gas recirculation and waste heat recovery is proposed. • Above 5% of recovery rate of combined cycle system is obtained. • The 52.32% of overall efficiency is achieved. • Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index decrease from 9.50 to 9.05 is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of climate disasters, consumers have growing interest in low-carbon products. Considering the information updating of low-carbon preferences, this paper analyses incentive strategies for low-carbon supply chains. Based on the public's increase in environmental awareness during the lead time of supply chains, this paper first describes information updating in low-carbon supply chains. Second, we analyze the response decisions of this supply chain under the given incentive strategies. Based on these decisions, an optimal model of carbon reduction is then designed for the government. Finally, these best incentive strategies (including promotion allowance and carbon reduction) are optimized using a heuristic algorithm. The numerical results reveal that cooperation of profit-driven supply chain members improves not only their profits but also carbon reduction efficiency. Governments should promote the coordination of low-carbon supply chains to realize win-win outcomes. In addition, a reasonably higher carbon reduction level and sale price can both help to weaken the bullwhip effect of the supply chain. Effective information updating improves the carbon reduction efficiency better than a promotion allowance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial for long-term carbon emission reduction to analyze how the government affects enterprises and customers to reduce carbon emissions and purchase low-carbon products. A tripartite evolutionary game among the government, enterprises, and customers is constructed. In addition, the evolutionary courses of the game among the behaviors of government, enterprises, and customers are examined. On this basis, the influence of internal and external factors on the results is analyzed. MATLAB software is used for numerical simulation analysis to simulate the influence of some parameters on the decision-making of game players. The analysis demonstrates that: the subsidy for enterprises has a more significant influence on the behavior of the government than on those made by enterprises and customers. At this point, enterprises and customers will take more account of the government's decision, which will lead to the strategies of "low-carbon production mode" and "purchasing low-carbon products," respectively. This paper focuses on the impacts of the low-carbon consumption subsidy policy and the "carbon inclusion" system on the evolution of the three parties. When carbon credits are at a reasonable level and low-carbon consumption subsidies are combined with carbon inclusion mechanism, it may be observed that the former is more effective in encouraging customers to purchase low-carbon products. In other words, this is the situation where the two policy implementations are most effective. Simultaneously, it will motivate enterprises to reduce carbon emissions and the government to positively regulate. • This study adopts the research perspective of carbon emission reduction. • A tripartite evolutionary game model is proposed to study stakeholders' strategies. • Government subsidy policies and carbon inclusion mechanism favor game outcomes. • Governmental policies in low-carbon consumption must be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry is both an external requirement of the government and an intrinsic sustainable development task for ports and shipping enterprises. This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving the government, port enterprises, and shipping enterprises, analyzes the evolution of the carbon emission reduction strategy choice of the three parties, and studies the mechanisms driving the interaction and influencing the subjects' choices. The results show that (1) to promote carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry, the evolutionarily stable strategy of the three stakeholders is as follows: the government actively regulates, the port enterprises actively reduce emissions, and the shipping enterprises actively reduce emissions. (2) With an increase in the additional cost of government regulation and a decrease in rewards to port enterprises, the probability of the government actively regulating carbon emissions reduction will rise, and the probability of port enterprises actively implementing carbon emission reduction will increase following a reduction in the additional cost and an increase in the opportunity cost of passive emission reduction. (3) An increase in government subsidies for shipping enterprises will lead to a decrease in the additional costs of active emission reduction and an increase in the probability of active carbon emission reduction. This paper provides policy recommendations for carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry, which will help all parties choose the optimal strategy and achieve carbon emission reduction goals as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vigorous development of the digital economy (DIEC) offers a substantial potential for China and global economies to realize the goal of "double carbon". This study attempts to analyze the heterogeneous effect of DIEC on carbon emission reduction (CERE), in order to extend a valuable reference for effectively achieving the dual-carbon goal. Accordingly, the effect of DIEC on carbon emission scale (CESC) and carbon emission intensity (CEIN) are examined in this paper by using dual fixed effect model and intermediate effect model, respectively. The study findings show that, at first, DIEC significantly supports the CERE while significantly constraining the uplift in CESC and CEIN. Simultaneously, the CERE effect of DIEC contains digital economy dimensional heterogeneity, industry heterogeneity, production and life heterogeneity, and urban-rural heterogeneity. Finally, the DIEC boosts the technological innovation (TEIN) and residents' income (REIN) levels, in order to heighten the CERE. Further, improving invention technology innovation and TEIN is more conducive to catalyzing the reduction of carbon emission in the whole society and the production field. Conversely, the improvement of non-invention technology innovation and rural- and urban residents' income impedes CERE in the field of life. Thus, the implications of this study are of vital significance for China and the rest of the world to foster CERE and achieve the "dual carbon" goal through DIEC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an energy-sharing market coupled with carbon emission trading to quantify peer-to-peer energy-sharing markets' economic and environmental influences. We establish a bi-level peer-to-peer energy sharing market considering the interaction between energy prosumers and the system operator. An interaction algorithm and generalized Nash game are thus applied in this work. With the simulation results, we find that the daily disutility of provincial systems is reduced by about 7 ¥ when time-of-use electricity rates are applied. This pricing strategy can encourage prosumers to participate in energy-sharing transactions. The subsidies of electricity rates, carbon prices, and renewable energy investments can improve the social welfare of the whole system. Considering the development of power generation technology and emission reduction targets, the change of optimization parameters in the next 30 years is analyzed in the example. It can be concluded that the total CO2 emission in 2050 will be reduced to almost half of that in 2020 in the energy-sharing markets. The subsidy of renewable energy generation and stricter CO2 emission constraints may accelerate the reduction of carbon emissions. [Display omitted] • It is the first time to assess the environmental effect of peer-to-peer energy trading with actual data. • We analyze the peer-to-peer energy trading impacts on the carbon emission amount in China. • We compare the market participants' revenue and CO2 emission considering the different scenarios. • We develop a bi-level coupled emission right trading market to verify whether total emission is reduced. • The development of technologies and various energy structures are considered quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy is of great significant for carbon emission reduction. To estimate the impact on carbon emissions of digital economy, this paper conducts nonlinear analysis with the combination of spatial DURBIN model (SDM) and panel threshold model (PTM). Moreover, this paper decomposes the carbon emissions reduction effect into direct part and spatial spillover part, further analyzes the action mechanism from the perspective of technology progress, energy use and industrial structure. The empirical results indicate that the digital economy and carbon emissions have inverted U-shaped relationship. Similarly, the spatial spillover effect of digital economy on carbon emissions is also inverted-U shape. The digital economy increases first and then reduces the carbon emissions. The robustness tests and endogenous analysis both support above conclusions. Compared with the indirect effect, the direct effect of digital economy on carbon emissions is significantly greater. Moreover, the long-term effect of digital economy on carbon emissions is greater than the short-term effect. The impact of digital economy on carbon emissions exists regional heterogeneity. Different from the eastern and central regions, the digital economy in western region promotes carbon emissions monotonically. The impact of digital economy on carbon emissions faces significant resource endowment thresholds, urban scale thresholds and innovative capability thresholds. The increase of energy use and non-green technology progress are the main paths to influence local carbon emissions in short term, while the green technology progress and industrial structure upgrade become dominant paths in long term. The active demonstration of industrial structure upgrade and technology spillovers drive the spillover effect of digital economy on carbon emissions in long term. This paper suggests that, the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutral needs to strengthen the digital economy and promote the regional cooperation in environmental governance. The green integration of digital economy and traditional industries is of great significant for carbon emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon footprint is widely recognized as an indicator of greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon footprint modeling based on life cycle assessment is applied to assess the average contribution of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere of the orchard system during the growing season. Apple fruits are exposed to various conditions in the supply chain, causing mechanical damage, scars, and bruises, ultimately reducing product quality and shelf life. Research has been conducted over the years to identify the proper packaging method to minimize shipping losses and minimize emissions while on transportation from production sites to distant markets and during storage. The objective of this paper is to maximize the profit of apple orchards with effective control over emissions and deterioration. Therefore, the data was statistically analyzed by using Mathematica 9.0 software and a graphical solution is obtained. A real-life case study at an apple orchard in Jammu and Kashmir will be used to validate a mathematical model with theoretical and computational procedures. This model is highly desirable and effective and is acceptable to businesses, traders, and consumers because it minimizes the losses through small scratches, better retention of appearance, crispness, flavor, and long shelf life with a high net profit, high cost of performance, and affordability for consumers. The key findings were recorded using sensitivity analysis and its application in apple orchards is elucidated through managerial insights. The circular economy approach in this study that combines green and conservation investments provides a path to a more sustainable environment as well as lower emissions and lower degradation rates. [Display omitted] • A sustainable integrated circular economy system for an apple orchard is studied. • Two-layered supply chain comprising of manufacturer and retailer is taken. • Optimal value for green and preservation technology investment and circular index is studied. • Various non-linear relationships of profit and circular demand functions analyzed under the carbon cap and trade policy are considered. • Emission control technologies and deterioration control along with a circularity index for an item made a good impact on profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharing resources and curbing emissions are critical for promoting the adoption of cleaner logistics technologies and improving environmental sustainability. However, little research has examined reducing the impact of carbon emissions on the environment by considering transfer between depots. Hence, this study investigated the impact of carbon emissions on a multi-depot collaborative pickup and delivery network with time windows and transfers (MDCPDPTW-Ts) and proposed a carbon emissions measurement to describe the relationship between fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Then, a two-stage heuristic framework was proposed to simplify MDCPDPTW-Ts and generate high-quality delivery routes. Finally, a case study from Dalian, China, was used to verify the effectiveness of the research methodology. The results demonstrated the following: (1) The multi-depot transfer network constructed in this paper is significantly better than the traditional no-transfer scheme, reducing the cost by 26.64%. (2) Sharing transfer facilities among different depots is the most attractive mode of realizing clean logistics, reducing the emission cost by 59.2% compared with the traditional depot-based transfer scheme. (3) Reasonable carbon prices and carbon quotas are highly significant to establishing a sustainable carbon trading market. As carbon prices increase, carbon emissions first show a sharp reduction trend and then gradually tend to remain unchanged. Therefore, this work can provide practical and theoretical implications for the sustainable development of multi-depot collaborative logistics. [Display omitted] • Transfer locations reduce complexity of the multi-depot collaboration system. • Adaptive iterated local search improves quality of solutions. • Minimizing transportation cost simultaneously reduces fuel and carbon emissions. • The proposed transfer scheme has lower emissions than the traditional scheme. • Carbon quotas and prices to conserve energy and curb emissions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of conventional fossil fuels has aided fast economic growth while also having negative consequences, such as increased global warming and the destruction of the ecosystem. This paper proposes a novel swarm-based metaheuristic method called Chimp Optimization Algorithm (ChOA) to tackle the environmental, economic dispatch issue and reducing the waste nonrenewable materials. In this regard, two objective functions named fuel cost function and emission cost function are proposed. Unique constrained handling also solves the challenge of multi-objective optimization. Standard IEEE 30 bus with six generators and a 10-unit system are used to demonstrate the usefulness of ChOA. The result of ChOA is compared with Individual Best Memory Penalty Factor Grey Wolf Optimizer (IBMPF-GWO), Improved Whale Trainer (IWT), Chaotic Biogeography-Based Optimizer (CBBO), Non-Linear Migration BBO (NLBBO), Hybrid Gravitational Search Algorithm Particle Swarm Optimization (GSAPSO), Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), Differential Evolution-Crossover Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (DE-CQPSO), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Dragonfly Algorithm (DA), and Fuzzy Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (FGOA) to confirm its efficiency. For both single- and multi-objective optimization, ChOA's assessment index and convergence rate are superior to other benchmark algorithms, regardless of whether the goal is to reduce emissions or to reduce fuel costs. The efficacy and robustness of the ChOA in handling environmental economic dispatch problems have been shown by discovering a good compromise value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China shares 13.15% and 69.23% of the global magnesite reserves and production respectively. Magnesia is an important connecting link between magnesite and refractory. It is approximately over 80% of magnesite industry that the carbon emitted from magnesia production is directly caused by carbonate decomposition and fossil fuel combustion. Therefore, the study of carbon footprint in magnesia production is valuable for carbon reduction. However, the researches on carbon reduction in magnesia production are rare. In this paper, the carbon footprint method is employed to quantitatively investigate the carbon reduction capacity in magnesia production under the influence of product structure, production process and equipment, and energy source structure. The results show that, for different magnesia, the carbon footprints are 3.937–4.804 kgCO 2 -eq/kg of fused magnesia, 2.151–3.064 kgCO 2 -eq/kg of sinter magnesia and 1.440–2.221 kgCO 2 -eq/kg of light calcinated magnesia at present, respectively. Moreover, for improvement of production process and equipment, the carbon footprint of flash calcinator is 0.489–1.218 kgCO 2 -eq/kg lower than that of reverberatory furnace for light calcinated magnesia. Similarly, the application of a high-power electricity arc furnace decreases the carbon footprint by 0.763–3.506 kgCO 2 -eq/kg of fused magnesia. Furthermore, for energy source replacement, the introduction of nuclear power has a carbon reduction capacity of 0.334–2.058 kgCO 2 -eq/kg-magnesia compared with coal-fired power. It will be 0.473–3.172 kgCO 2 -eq/kg-magnesia when hydrogen is employed as fuel compared with natural gas and producer gas. Finally, the combination of nuclear power, hydrogen and the carbon capture system will further pull the carbon footprint down to 0.244–0.767 kgCO 2 -eq/kg-magnesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more attention has been given to the role of electric vehicles in reducing the economic cost and carbon emissions of the power system through the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode, as well as helping to integrate renewable energy power. The promotion of V2G mode needs to consider the effectiveness of policy costs, so it is urgent to estimate the potential benefits of V2G. In this paper, a multi-regional power dispatch and expansion model is constructed from the perspective of power system by taking China's plan to reach 1.2 billion kW of installed wind and photovoltaic power generation capacity in 2030 as an example, combining with the development planning of electric vehicles and power systems. The results show that by 2030, the implementation of unidirectional V2G and bidirectional V2G in China can reduce the total cost of power system by 2.02% and 2.08%, reduce the annual carbon emissions of the power system by 2.27% and 2.95%, and increase the total proportion of wind and photovoltaic power generation by 1.33% and 1.28% in the power mix. An increasing proportion of electric vehicles participate in V2G increases the proportion of new-installed wind generation and decreases that of photovoltaic power. Due to the high cost of battery degradation and the current power mix dominated by coal-fired generation, additional benefits of implementing bidirectional V2G over unidirectional V2G are limited. • V2G reduces the total power cost, carbon emissions, and renewables' curtailment. • Increasing the proportion of EVs participating in V2G improves potential benefits. • V2G changes the proportion of newly installed wind and solar power generation. • V2G shifts the electricity production from high-cost areas to low-cost areas. • Additional benefits of bidirectional V2G over unidirectional V2G are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]