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Abstract: This paper deals with the possibility of using beef tallow and beef tallow biodiesel in energy generation. The environmental, energetic and social–economic aspects are discussed. The steps for obtaining biodiesel from beef tallow are presented as well as the characterization of beef tallow and beef tallow biodiesel. Results for performance and emissions of using beef tallow and beef tallow biodiesel in a stationary engine are also shown. Beef tallow can be successfully applied in compression ignition engine blending with diesel up to 15% of beef tallow. Beef tallow can also be converted in biodiesel and applied in compression ignition engines neat or blended with diesel in any proportion. In the case of neat beef tallow biodiesel, it is not recommended to be used in cold weather conditions, due to its relatively low pour point. The possibility of using beef tallow in power generation, leads to the concepts of sustainability and cleaner production, by the use of a material usually discarded in butcheries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sustainable development has occupied a vital position in the field of service design. Since it requires the linkage between economic value and environmental benefits, how to organize service models with social networks becomes a key issue. Related studies generally focus on reducing cost and waste through product-based services; organizational activities and policy-oriented services are relatively ignored. In addition, few methods are adopted to generate service concepts with operational techniques or principles. Hence, “feedback map” and “service flow modeling” are proposed in this paper to help decision makers build appropriate service models. These tools are integrated with existing methods and knowledge, making a systematic framework to handle the information flows in service design. A workshop with the experiment is carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The results indicate that this framework provides comprehensive information and guidance to fit service activities to sustainable development. It also improves the cooperation across profit and non-profit sectors and different knowledge domains, assisting planners in exploring more possibilities of service types. Moreover, it considers not only product development but also relative strategies or actions for sustainability. It appears that this approach is applicable to deal with complicated situations involving multiple service participants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]