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The aim of this research is to explore how social housing associations can introduce circular strategies and integrate social elements, next to ecological elements, within these strategies. In order to investigate this aim, this paper first explores the circular strategy options that can be adopted by housing associations. Thereafter, the paper explores how social elements can be integrated within these strategies via the establishment of relationships with communities in the network of housing associations. By performing an in-depth case study, we identified potential circular strategies for housing associations and indicate how community relationships could be established within these strategies. The findings highlight that community relationships in the vision formulation and activities involved in the execution of circular strategies may assist in creating synergies between the ecological aims of circular strategies and the perspectives and needs of communities. On the other hand, the results indicate that not establishing relationships with communities or only establishing relationships in the strategy outcomes may be detrimental to both community needs and the ecological aims of circular strategies. ? 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

In international scientific literature, it is argued that the adoption of ISO14001 certification is symbolic, aiming to improve the enterprise's public image. Various empirical researches have indeed shown that ISO14001 does not have substantial favorable ecological impacts. This paper contributes to the scientificliterature by arguing that previous research has neglected possible mediators through which ISO14001 may have a positive indirect influence on ecological outcomes. More specifically, we conjecture that ISO14001 certification stimulates participation in external environmental networks, and that such networks generate favorable effects on the ecological performance of their participants. This mediation channel seems particularly relevant for small and medium sized enterprises. They often lack knowledge of how to handle the increasingly complex issue of ecological performance and can receive guidanceabout managing these processes from other parties in the network. A second contribution is that the paper uses structural equation modelling to test the indirect effect of ISO14001 certification on ecological outcomes involving a large sample of 3633 small and medium sized enterprises from twelve Europeancountries. The findings confirm that participation in networksdthrough cooperation in the supply chain, or partnerships with training institutes or local organizationsdmediate the impact of ISO14001 on the ecological outcomes of small and medium sized enterprises. Based on these results, it can be concludedthat promotion of ISO14001 certification among small and medium sized enterprises is particularly useful if is combined with participation in external networks that facilitate its implementation.

Environmental efficiency improvement has played a crucial role in the theory and practice of stimulating clean production. This paper analyzes the interaction between environmental efficiency and output efficiency, particularly whether they reinforce each other or compete with each other, on the basis of a data set of 137 firms in the textile industry in China's Jiangsu Province. In the first stage, generalized data envelopment analysis is applied to calculate efficiency measures of energy, waste water, waste gas, soot, and output efficiency taking capital, labor, water, and energy as inputs, industrial output value as desirable output, and waste water discharges, waste gas and soot emissions as undesirable outputs. In the second stage analysis, a structural equation model with latent variables is applied to analyze the interaction between the latent variable environmental efficiency, measured by the four observed environmental indicators, and output efficiency, taking also into account the endogenous variable profit. The main outcomes of the structural equation model are the following. Firstly, environmental efficiency negatively impacts on profit while profit positively impacts on environmental efficiency. In a similar vein, output efficiency is found to depress profit while profit increases output efficiency. Thirdly, environmental efficiency has a positive impact on output efficiency while there is no effect of output efficiency on environmental efficiency. Fourthly, taxes impair a firm's output efficiency. From the findings it follows that a swap of general taxes for an energy tax is likely to improve both output efficiency and energy efficiency. The latter outcome implies a win win situation which will facilitate the further implementation and adoption of environmental policy. Finally, the paper illustrates the applicability of structural equation modeling in efficiency analysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In international scientific literature, it is argued from institutional theory that economic freedom stimulates corporate environmental responsibility. However, economic freedom comprises several different dimensions, such as government size, rule of law, open markets, and (freedom from) government regulation. Whereas previous literature has shown that rule of law and open markets stimulate corporate environmental responsibility, the impact of government size and government regulation on corporate environmental responsibility of companies located in different countries has yet not been explored. This paper contributes to scientific literature by researching the effects of these two dimensions of economic freedom on corporate environmental responsibility. We hypothesize that small government stimulates corporate environmental responsibility and that freedom from government regulation discourages it. Using panel data from ASSET4 for the corporate environmental responsibility of 5023 companies, and data of government size and government regulation from Fraser Institute and Heritage Foundation for 41 countries, the authors perform panel analysis for the period 2005–2014 to test the hypotheses. The estimation results show that both small size of government and freedom from government regulation decrease corporate environmental responsibility. The test results are robust for the type of economic freedom data (Fraser Institute or Heritage Foundation) used.

Existing empirical and theoretical literature provides excellent insight into many aspects of CEO-related phenomena. However, so far, no study has explored the interrelation between corporate governance and CEO ability in influencing corporate social responsibility practices. From resource-based view perspectives, this research examines the complementarities/substitutions that may exist between social responsibility oriented corporate governance mechanisms and CEO ability in affecting corporate social responsibility performance among United States firms. This research documents that CEO ability is a unique resource that can help firms reduce agency problem associated with social and environmental performance. The analysis of data for the period of 2006–2015 reveals several fact-based findings. This research finds strong complementarities between CEO ability and internal social responsibility oriented governance mechanisms (i.e., board independence, the presence of a sustainability committee, and social performance-related incentives for managers) in enhancing socially responsible performance within a firm. Conventionally, it is considered that CEOs are less likely to engage in socially responsible activities, while findings of this paper shed light on the brighter side of CEO ability.

Value creation and appropriation are much-studied processes in business and management fields. However, both academia and business practice have traditionally focused on how value is created and appropriated in the economic context and by economic actors. This overemphasis on economic logic has created institutionalized asymmetries in managing the relationship between business, society and ecological environment. In this paper, we broaden the value creation and appropriation analysis along two dimensions: (1) the type of economic goods used to create value (private and club goods, public goods and common goods) and (2) value creation and appropriation domains (economic, social, and environmental). Building on this framework, we argue that there are several institutionalized asymmetries in the relationship between the goods used to create value and the domains in which the value is eventually appropriated. We point out the system-level tendency of value over-appropriation in the economic domain over the two other domains as well as value over-appropriation in the social domain over the environmental domain. We also discuss how existing organizational practices, such as corporate social responsibility, shared value creation, and sustainable business models, have attempted to overcome them, and reflect on the main critiques to these approaches. Finally, we identify potential business-based solutions to the institutionalized asymmetries and provide implications to research and practice. Post-print / Final draft

China’s strategy of greening industrial development aims to decouple industrial growth from industrial wastewater discharges (IWDs). This study combines decoupling analysis, decomposition analysis, and attribution analysis to support this goal. First, the decoupling analysis is employed to explore the degree of decoupling between industrial growth and IWDs in China, as well as across 30 provinces, from 2000 to 2015. Next, a decomposition analysis focusing on the change in industrial wastewater discharge intensity (IWDI) is performed to reveal the factors influencing decoupling trends. Then, attribution analysis is used to attribute contributions of these factors to different regions. Our decoupling results indicate an increasing decoupling trend between industrial output and IWDs in China in the past 15 years. Meanwhile, there is a convergence in decoupling degrees among provinces. Decomposition results reveal that water intensity plays a dominant role in promoting decoupling, while the wastewater discharge coefficient negatively impacted decoupling before 2005 but contributed to decoupling later on. Regional attribution results indicate provinces in South China have exerted more efforts in both water saving and wastewater treatment during the study period. Water scarce provinces in North China performed better in terms of water saving, while more developed and water-rich provinces in South China performed better in wastewater treatment. This paper suggests targeted policy methods at province level.

This paper focuses on the potential impact of various options for decarbonization of public bus transport in Stockholm, with particular attention to electrification. An optimization model is used to locate electric bus chargers and to estimate the associated carbon emissions, using a life cycle perspective and various implementation scenarios. Emissions associated with fuels and batteries of electric powertrains are considered to be the two main factors affecting carbon emissions. The results show that, although higher battery capacities could help electrify more routes of the city's bus network, this does not necessarily lead to a reduction of the total emissions. The results show the lowest life cycle emissions occurring when electric buses use batteries with a capacity of 120 kWh. The fuel choices significantly influence the environmental impact of a bus network. For example, the use of electricity is a better choice than first generation biofuels from a carbon emission perspective. However, the use of second-generation biofuels, such as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), can directly compete with the Nordic electricity mix. Among all fuel options, certified renewable electricity has the lowest impact. The analysis also shows that electrification could be beneficial for reduction of local pollutants in the Stockholm inner city; however, the local emissions of public transport are much lower than emissions from private transport.

In this paper, a multi-commodity energy business model for an industrial park is designed and evaluated using the extended "business model design framework for viability". The framework has been validated earlier for mono-commodity energy systems. Our goal is to examine the application of the business model design framework for viability for multi-commodity energy systems as they are more complex. The framework was applied to an industrial park, where heat and electricity networks are integrated. The business model was designed iteratively to harvest and exploit the flexibility embedded in the industrial processes of the heat consumers. The first iteration showed that the business model design framework for viability was largely successful. However, adding two extensions to the framework helps to deal with the complexity of designing and evaluating viable business models for multi-commodity energy systems in a better way. First, the configuration techniques in the framework are extended to include reference business models. Second, the evaluation criteria in the framework are extended to include the capabilities of the stakeholders. The extended business model design framework for viability better enables the design of complex business models and allows to evaluate the capabilities of the stakeholders to implement the designed Business model. The extended business model design framework for viability successfully facilitated the design and evaluation of a viable multi-commodity energy business model and therefore is corroborated. (c) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a highly interdisciplinary field that requires knowledge from different domains to be gathered and interpreted together. Although there are relatively few major data sources for LCA, the data themselves are presented with highly heterogeneous formats, interfaces, and distribution mechanisms. The lack of agreement among data providers for descriptions of processes and flows creates substantial barriers for information sharing and reuse of practitioners’ models. Nevertheless, the many data resources share a common logic. The use of Semantic Web technologies and text mining techniques can facilitate the interpretation of data from diverse sources. Numerous existing efforts have been made to articulate a knowledge model for LCA. In March of 2015 a joint workshop was held that brought together leading international domain experts with ontology engineers to develop a set of simple models called ontology design patterns (ODPs) for LCA information. In this paper we build on the outcomes of the workshop, as well as prior published works, to derive a minimal “consensus model” for LCA. We use the consensus model to derive a description of an LCA “catalog” that can be used to express the semantic content of a data resource. We generate catalogs of several prominent databases, and make those catalogs available to the public for independent use. Finally, we “link” those catalogs to existing knowledge models using JSON-LD, a linked data format that can expose the catalog contents to Semantic Web tools. We then show by example how the catalogs may be used to answer questions about the scope, coverage, and comparability of data, both within and across data sources, that are difficult to answer when the contents of the catalogs are provided independently and inconsistently. We discuss how the use of semantic catalogs can help address challenges that initiatives such as the “Global Network of Interoperable LCA Databases – Global LCA Data Access” are facing today.

High energy consumption is one of the main challenges of the chemical industry. The energy footprint of most processes can, however, diminish through the solutions presented in the current paper, leading to cleaner ways of producing chemicals. Ethylene production process is selected as a case study to demonstrate the approach as it is one of the most energy consuming processes in the chemical industry. The study involves an exergetic diagnosis and does not only find the low-exergy-efficient unit operations, but also proposes tools to improve these units based on their key sources of irreversibility. For the ethylene production process, this is conducted by first splitting the flowsheet into four main functional blocks (namely cracking, compression, refrigeration, and separation and purification) according to their exergy losses. This results in identifying the cracking block as the most inefficient block with more than 45% of total exergy losses and thus the first block to be improved so that overall losses reduce (examples of which include increasing the number of furnace tubes while reducing their lengths). Although the compression block is-found to have the lowest contribution to internal exergy losses, the inefficient unit operations such as the water cooler (with an exergy loss of 214 4J/kg) can still be improved through solutions such as system isolation. The refrigeration block is also shown to have the second highest exergy losses with its ethylene and propylene compressors being the main contributors. Solutions are again provided to improve the block performance with specific focus on intercooler design improvement and system isolation. Finally, exergy losses in the purification and separation block are identified to be mainly due to demethanator, deethanator, and ethylene column where modifications in column design might be helpful as concentration and temperature gradients along the towers are the main sources of exergy losses. The approach used in the current study can also be applied to other chemical processes and the findings suggest that even for a well-developed process technology, there is still opportunity for thermodynamically justifiable energy efficiency improvements. Therefore, it is important for process developers to continuously revisit existing processes, in order to ensure lessons learned in one area can be applied to another one. Using a panel of solutions, which has been constructed from a number of previous case studies helps to make this approach more systematic and user-friendly. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Learning networks have the potential to support joint learning and collective innovation processes needed for sustainable urban development. However, systematic analyses of joint learning processes in such networks are often lacking. In this paper, the Interreg project SUN (Sustainable Urban Neighbourhoods) is taken as a case study to analyse learning interactions in a regional network for sustainable urban neighbourhood development in the Euregio Meuse-Rhine. The SUN project provides concerted public and private action, focussing on community engagement, cross-border cooperation, and collective innovation. In this context, joint learning implies the exchange and co-production of knowledge among a diverse group of actors. We first describe the learning network of SUN in terms of the actors involved, the learning activities and tools applied, and the types of knowledge exchanged and co-produced (technical, attitudinal, innovative). These features are further used to characterize a set of typical learning interactions that generated learning across four main knowledge boundaries (territorial, role-based, sectoral, and project boundaries). From this analysis, we identify main factors supporting the joint learning process, and discuss the general applicability and added value of the developed analytical framework. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper investigates the development and diffusion of photovoltaic (PV) technology in Japan and The Netherlands. Both cases are analysed with the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) framework, which focuses on a particular technology and includes all those factors that influence the development and diffusion of a technology. This framework proposes seven System Functions: key processes that need to be fulfilled for a TIS to function well. We include international factors in the framework such as import share, export activities, foreign direct investment and international knowledge exchange. Japan is found to have a well functioning PV TIS with a strong industry and a large market for PV, whereas the Dutch have so far established considerably less. Based on the differences in the cases we formulate a number of lessons for the Dutch PV TIS. 1) System functions such as guidance of the search (F4) and advocacy coalitions (F7) need to be strengthened in order to reinforce each other in a positive way; 2) formulate, maintain and translate consistent long-term goals into long-term policies and stimulation measures in order to allow a gradual build-up of networks and skills/expertise; 3) build up and maintain legitimacy within the institutional setting; and 4) strengthen the TIS in order for the SMEs to grow in terms of capital and capabilities.