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The fight against climate change and the energy transition requires significant business transformations and changes. In this sense, the information that companies report on their energy strategy is essential to understand and value business interest and efforts to contribute to the protection of ecosystems and human life on the planet. In this regard, the aim of this article is to analyse the role that women directors are playing in business transparency in energy matters and whether their role is determined by the level of gender parity that characterizes the countries of origin of the companies analysed. The academic and practical interest in these relationships is based on various theoretical frameworks that indicate gender equality is closely associated with greater concern for systems and elements in situations of real vulnerability, generating organizational changes aligned with these concerns. For a sample of 8757 companies based in 65 countries, we observed that gender parity at the country level positively affects the information that companies report regarding their energy transition strategy towards more responsible models that help mitigate climate change. We also identified a mediating effect of board gender diversity on this relationship. The findings are robust to changes in methodological specifications. This evidence confirms the existence of a direct and indirect impact of equal development between women and men in a society on the energy transition and business inclusivity. Additionally, although these relationships are observed for the entire period analysed (2016–2022), the effect of the disruptive phenomena that occurred between 2020 and 2022 favours both business transformations and inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cement industry contributes substantially to global carbon emissions, necessitating urgent adoption of mitigation pathways aligned with climate goals. This study investigates the technical and economic viability of capturing carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from cement plants in India and using that captured CO 2 to produce green urea. The research aims to determine the feasibility of the CCUS approach as a practical way to reduce CO 2 emissions from cement production while also boosting India's self-sufficiency in producing urea, a crucial fertilizer. The research uses a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework to assess various factors, including the technological readiness of CCUS technologies, the capital and operating costs of setting up and running such a system, the market demand for green urea, and the potential reduction in CO 2 emissions. The study focused on 32 major cement plants in India, using data from their annual reports to inform the MCA model with an assumption of a post-combustion Monoethanolamine (MEA) scrubbing capacity CO 2 capture capacity of 0.5 million tonnes per year per plant and used existing data and modeling techniques to analyze the feasibility of converting the captured CO 2 into urea. The key findings indicate that this approach is promising and projects a 12.4% reduction in CO 2 emissions from the cement industry if these 32 plants implement the CCUS technology. Additionally, it highlights a favorable market for the green urea produced, with an estimated output of 21.82 million tonnes per year, enough to offset a significant portion of India's reliance on urea imports. Financially, the study projects a six-year payback period and a 16.7% return on investment. It concludes that implementing CCUS technology to create green urea in Indian cement plants is technically and economically feasible. The approach has the potential to significantly reduce CO 2 emissions while also supporting India's goal of self-sufficiency in urea production. However, further investigation and pilot-scale projects are recommended to validate the model's findings and optimize various aspects, such as managing flue gas impurities and leveraging waste heat for energy efficiency. • Multi-criteria analysis evaluates technical, environmental, and financial viability. • Carbon capture with cement plants cuts emissions by 12.4%, aiding urea production. • Financials show a six-year payback and 16.7% return , proving economic feasibility. • Utility costs and hydrogen expenses drive green urea production cost fluctuations. • Research, pilot projects, and waste heat use can enhance sustainability outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While existing theories investigate the relationship between digital technologies and environmental, social responsibility, and governance (ESG) performance, this study formulates a distinct theoretical framework aimed at understanding of the role played by specific artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies for decarbonization in the manufacturing processes. Drawing upon data sampled from 2607 manufacturing firms listed in Chinese stock markets spanning the years 2004–2020, this study employs an ordinary least squares regression model to investigate the mechanism in question. The findings demonstrate that AI applications facilitate carbon reduction through innovations in terms of production, technology, and management in manufacturing processes, particularly in large-scale enterprises, profitability, and state-owned entities. AI applications integrated into manufacturing processes contribute to ESG performance, especially in terms of environmental (E) considerations and governance (G). This contribution is manifested via improvements in total factor productivity, technological innovation, and information disclosure. Notably, the contributions are more pronounced in less-polluting firms and those located in the underdeveloped western regions of China than in their counterparts. These findings not only enhance the theoretical underpinnings of the ESG framework but also offer practical insights that can serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and governing bodies overseeing manufacturing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting the carbon intensity of maritime transport is crucial to meet 2050 net-zero targets. Onboard carbon capture and storage (OCCS) offers a practical short-term solution for reducing shipping-related CO 2 emissions until cleaner technologies are ready for large-scale adoption. This study introduces an innovative multi-objective approach to integrate sustainability into the conceptual design and decision-making phases of OCCS. A systematic technology screening identified possible OCCS solutions, which were then assessed for onboard feasibility. Specific indicators were defined to evaluate OCCS performance based on technological, economic, environmental, and social criteria, and aggregated sustainability perspectives. Using a fossil fuel-powered cruise ship as a case study, results were benchmarked against zero-carbon alternatives. Among the alternatives considered, chemical absorption by amine scrubbing (AS) and advanced cryogenic carbon capture (A3C) appeared as the only feasible solutions considering onboard energy requirements. The emerging cryogenic A3C concept resulted in being outperformed by benchmark AS, primarily due to an environmental impact 1.5 times higher. All alternative technologies, whether OCCS- or cleaner fuel-based, were found to be more sustainable than the baseline fossil fuel-based engine, lowering the environmental impact by at least 61%. Hydrogen as a marine fuel leads to the most promising scenario for future cleaner shipping operations, reducing the sustainability footprint by up to 76%. The robustness of the proposed method was confirmed by a probabilistic Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. Overall, the results obtained can guide toward more informed solutions and policies promoting the sustainability of ship propulsion systems. [Display omitted] • Identification of possible solutions for onboard carbon capture and storage (OCCS). • Definition of reference schemes using data available at an early design stage. • Identification of the most relevant parameters for sustainability foot-printing. • Selection of the best design configuration for OCCS. • Comparison of the sustainability footprint with zero-carbon alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive research on algal bioproducts, there is limited understanding of how pond contamination affects their economics and environmental impacts. This work compared the costs and environmental impacts of algal biofuels across different pond failure scenarios. Pond failure was simulated by a reliability model based on pond mean-time-to-failure (MTTF). The reliability model was integrated with a process model to analyze the impacts of pond failure on the operations of algal farms and biorefineries. Process model outputs were used for techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment to determine the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP), global warming potential (GWP), and freshwater consumption impacts of algal biofuels for five MTTF scenarios of 20, 54, 80,120, and 350 days, assuming an average mean-time-to-reset of 7 days. Results show that higher MTTFs reduce the cost and environmental impact of algal biofuels, but with diminishing returns. The average MFSPs for the 20-day, 54-day, and 350-day MTTF scenarios were $3.52, $2.54, and $2.10 per liter of gasoline equivalent, respectively. The GWP for the same scenarios were131, 96, and 83 g CO 2eq MJ−1, respectively. This study highlights the significant impact of larger seed trains, required under low MTTFs, on the costs and greenhouse gas emissions of algal biofuels. Moreover, the work shows that algal biofuels fail to be cost-competitive with conventional fuels, even when productivities are increased from 17 to 35 g m−2 d−1. This work is the first to explore the implications of pond failure on the sustainability of algal biofuels and provides valuable insights to algae farmers on how to reduce the costs and financial risks of algal cultivation through process design and pond management strategies. • Impacts of algal culture failure on economics and environmental impacts were explored. • Costs of algal-based biofuel ranged from $2.10 to $3.52 per liter of gasoline equivalent. • Diminishing economic returns with increasing pond mean time to failure. • Global warming potential and freshwater consumption impacts were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapidly growing GHG emissions are significantly altering the world climate, necessitating a global decarbonization efforts to avert irreversible catastrophic failure of the world ecosystem. Malaysia is pledging to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and has subsequently identified Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as one of the solutions for carbon removal from its energy sector by 2050. However, the implementation of CCS presents formidable challenges, encompassing both technical and commercial complexities, especially for a nation like Malaysia, which has limited experience in large-scale CCS deployment. This study evaluates the feasibility of CCS implementation in Malaysia's fossil fuel power plants by conducting a comprehensive techno-economic assessment, taking into considerations the prevailing energy landscape of the country. This assessment is very crucial to demonstrate the feasibility of this plan within the timeframe, considering the limited research have been done to assess a national-scale implementation, as well as to provide the important insights for future policy implication to promote CCS adoption. The CCS scenarios are assessed through an analytical approach, and comparative analyses are conducted between alternative paths. The result shows that a large-scale implementation of CCS at Malaysia's fossil fuel power plant to achieve net-zero emission by 2050 are feasible given a strong enforcement on emission policy and establishment of CCS legal framework. CCS can potentially reduce 60% of Malaysia's energy sector total emissions, and a solar-supported CCS helps to reduce it further. Levelized Cost of Electricity analysis reveals that the implementation of CCS leads to only a minimal increase between pre- and post-CCS LCOE when carbon price is considered. A SWOT-PESTLE analysis was also conducted to identify gaps in regulatory framework, financial and social aspects. It can be concluded that CCS is a techno-economically viable solution, however Malaysia's readiness for CCS implementation is still at a very novice stage, and aggressive actions are needed to enable a successful full-scale implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively mitigate climate change, policymakers worldwide established various GHG tracking and trading systems. In the light of ambitious climate goals, stricter regulations, and increasing demand for climate action, various groups such as researchers and governmental institutions suggested additional approaches. This paper addresses the complexity that arises from the breadth of suggested approaches and implemented systems for GHG tracking and trading. By doing so, it synthesizes relevant dimensions in a way that is understandable to enterprises and policymakers, enabling them to design meaningful systems incorporating the reduction of GHG emissions and advance cleaner production. Therefore, this paper presents a first-of-its-kind taxonomy of GHG tracking and trading approaches through a systematic literature review. It illustrates ten main design and implementation dimensions with 30 corresponding characteristics. To accelerate decarbonization, this paper sets impulses for future GHG tracking in the electricity sector based on semi-structured expert interviews. Consecutively, it provides policy directions for CO 2 -adaptive decision-making for enterprises, formulated as a Call for Action with seven prospective questions. These include, for example, questions concerning technical aspects like data management, legal issues like the sufficiency of existing data security and privacy regulations, as well as economic topics like the calculation of an appropriate local and temporal granularity. • Presenting a first-of-its-kind taxonomy of GHG tracking and trading approaches through a systematic literature review. • Creating targeted knowledge for enterprises and policymakers for designing meaningful systems to reduce GHG emissions. • Setting impulses for future GHG tracking in the electricity sector based on semi-structured expert interviews. • Providing policy directions for CO 2 -adaptive decision-making for enterprises, formulated as a Call for Action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a developing country, South Africa faces the risk of having to undertake disruptive actions to meet its internationally pledged emission reduction targets. It has become necessary to find alternative measures for South Africa to meet its climate targets without such a disruptive and aggressive transformation of its energy sector. To truly reach net-zero CO 2 emissions, South Africa must ensure that residual emissions from its recalcitrant sectors are equally compensated by carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Given the potential for CDR technologies to delay the need for rapid emissions cuts, we leverage this characteristic to explore their role in helping South Africa achieve its climate targets on time, but through a less disruptive and overly aggressive pace of energy system decarbonization. Using an integrated assessment model, we show that while reaching its emission reduction targets, the presence of novel CDR (nCDR) approaches could significantly reduce South Africa's mitigation costs to $155-240/tCO 2 instead of $190–590/tCO 2 by 2050 in the absence of nCDR. Furthermore, the availability of nCDR may allow for a more gradual transition towards renewable and nuclear power generation compared to scenarios without nCDR. Importantly, we reveal that nCDR could help avoid asset stranding of up to 4–6 GW and $15–25 billion in associated costs between 2016 and 2050. However, this comes at the cost of higher residual greenhouse gas emissions due to the continued reliance on fossil fuels under nCDR availability. Overall, South Africa's priority must remain on decarbonization, especially in sectors where fuel switching and energy efficiency are feasible. Nonetheless, the complementary role of nCDR must not be underestimated, and South Africa should begin investing in these emerging technologies to support its ambitious climate goals. • Study employs GCAM to model South Africa's net-zero ambitions. • Role of carbon removal technologies explored. • Coal power generation quickly phases down in the absence of CO 2 removal technologies. • The presence of CO 2 removal technologies reduces stranded investments and capacities. • Carbon removal reduces disruptive and over-aggressive energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to reduce Carbon Emissions from the Construction Industry (CECI) is one of the key issues in China's efforts to achieve its "dual-carbon target". The Carbon Emission of the building Materialization Process (CEMP) is the main source of CECI, originating from both the upstream sector and the construction industry itself. Researching the synergistic decarbonization potential and reduction pathways of the construction industry and upstream sectors can help guide sustainable development. Focusing on the city scale, this study establishes a bottom-up framework based on system dynamics and carbon intensity methods to explore the possibilities of CEMP. The framework comprises a dynamic material flow analysis module and a carbon emission accounting module. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method is employed to elucidate the emission reduction potentials of various factors. The results show that in the case of Hangzhou: (1) Without control measures, CEMP will reach a maximum of 25.1 million tons, and a substantial scale of 14.9 million tons remaining in 2060. (2) Through synergistic decarbonization, the cumulative emission reduction over the next 40 years could reach 323.4 million tons, and by 2060, CEMP could decrease to 3.7 million tons of CO 2. Achieving carbon neutrality in the construction industry still requires carbon offsets from other sectors. (3) The decarbonization potential mainly comes from controlling the new construction area and carbon emission reduction in material production process, contributing 45.4% and 36.9%, respectively. This study reveals the significant pressure faced by the construction industry in achieving carbon neutrality. It also underscores that further controlling material demand and reducing the carbon intensity of materials is a prerequisite for Hangzhou's construction industry to achieve carbon neutrality. • Dynamic material flow analysis module is applied to bottom-up carbon accounting. • Synergistic decarbonization help Hangzhou meet the Zhejiang carbon peak target. • In 2060, Hangzhou construction industry will emit at least 3.7 million tons of CO 2. • Carbon neutrality requires further control of building material demand and CI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the portfolio carbon footprint of Indian banking system. To this end, we combine the emissions data from India's Biennial Update Reports to UNFCCC and Reserve Bank of India's bank database from 2010 to 2016; apply Network for Greening the Financial System's backward-looking methodology and Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials Standards in conjunction with Leontief's Input-Output technique to estimate the weighted average carbon intensity (WACI) of bank's loans portfolio at three levels – System level, Bank group level and Spatial level. Our major findings include-first, at system level, the carbon footprint of Indian banks shows a rising trend over the study period with the aggregate WACI of bank loans increasing by 9.4% from 332.5 tCO 2 e/US$ million in 2010 to 363.7 tCO 2 e/US$ million in 2016. Second, at the group level, while the financed emissions of public sector banks have plateaued, for private sector banks they have nearly doubled during the study period, suggesting the increased exposure to carbon intensive assets. Third, on the spatial level, top five regions by WACI include Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana in descending order. • First study to estimate carbon footprint of bank loans for India. • Combines environment input-output analysis with PCAF standard. • Analyses carbon footprint at three levels – system level, bank group level and spatial level. • Carbon footprint of Indian banks show a rising trend over the study period. • Financed emissions of public sector banks plateaued, of private sector banks doubled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the potential benefits of integrating rooftop greenhouses (RTGs) with buildings to reduce energy and CO 2 costs, contributing to urban decarbonization efforts. This integration not only advances sustainable urban agriculture but also aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) - Affordable and Clean Energy, and Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG11) - Sustainable Cities and Communities, through its energy-efficient, low-carbon approach. We hypothesize that this integration can significantly lower energy use in integrated RTGs (i-RTGs) and set out to validate this through dynamic models for both building and i-RTG climates, focusing on CO 2 concentration, humidity, and temperature. Central to our approach is the implementation of a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) framework, which utilizes these dynamic models to make control decisions aimed at minimizing total control costs. This framework operates in a receding horizon procedure, regulating climate factors within the i-RTG and building using various actuators. We validate our approach by simulating an i-RTG atop a building in eleven different cities, demonstrating interactions such as energy, moisture, and CO 2 exchange. Significantly, our study reveals that integrating i-RTG with buildings under the NMPC framework leads to a 15.2% reduction in control costs. Additionally, we find that the i-RTG model is adaptable to different climates, with colder regions showing greater cost reduction potential. Our study underscores the viability and advantages of integrating i-RTGs with buildings, offering a sustainable, decarbonizing solution for urban agriculture and building management that contributes to the fulfillment of SDG7 and SDG11. • Nonlinear model predictive control framework for integrated rooftop greenhouse. • Energy transfer between rooftop greenhouse and host building minimizes energy costs. • A case study on a building-integrated rooftop greenhouse in eleven different cities. • Proposed control framework lowers costs and ensure safety for crops and occupants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to cast-in-situ construction, prefabricated construction reduces the generation of construction waste; however, construction waste cannot be entirely eliminated through prefabrication and can be generated at each stage of its life cycle. This paper generates a system dynamics model, comprising two causal-loop diagrams and one stock-flow diagram, to simulate the effectiveness of policies on decarbonizing prefabricated concrete building waste. The model can predict the annual and total construction waste, along with the associated carbon emissions, under different policy scenarios in China by 2030. This paper focuses on prefabricated concrete buildings in China, with specific attention to the wastage of concrete, bricks, mortar, and metal. In single-factor scenario simulations, increasing landfilling fee is the most effective policy for waste decarbonization, potentially reducing carbon emissions by 31%. Increasing prefabrication rate and enhancing regulation degree at the design phase of prefabrication can directly reduce prefabricated building waste generation, subsequently resulting in an 18% and 7% carbon emissions reduction. Multi-factor scenario simulations demonstrate that the simultaneous application of all four policies is most effective, achieving a 44% reduction in carbon emissions. This research establishes a theoretical framework for prefabricated concrete building waste management and provides the Chinese government with practical insights on optimizing policies for waste decarbonization in the dynamic landscape of prefabrication. • This paper develops the prefabricated building waste generation and disposal systems. • The model predicts the construction waste and associated carbon emissions by 2030. • Raising landfill fee is an effective policy for decarbonizing construction waste by 31.06%. • Prefabrication rate reaching 100% can reduce 18.04% of carbon emissions from waste. • Applying all policies is most effective, achieving a 44.34% carbon emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressurized water scrubbing is an environmentally friendly technology for the decarbonization of biogas. However, the key bottlenecks such as low efficiency, high cost of water consumption and secondary CO 2 emission by water absorption and desorption in the process of decarbonization are still necessary to be solved. This study focused on improve the mass transfer effect by introduce finger-crossed microchannel in the process of simulated biogas decarbonization using pressurized water scrubbing. The simulated biogas was mixed with pressurized water in the finger-crossed microchannel, and the gas-water mixture was continuously separated in the gas-water separation tank. The effects of pressure (26–30 bar), temperature (5–30 °C), gas-water ratio (5:1–12:1), liquid volumetric flowrate (5–10 mL/min), and other factors on the decarbonization were investigated. The overall mass transfer coefficient based on the liquid phase and the CO 2 flux were also calculated and analyzed. The decarbonization parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology as follows: temperature 20 °C, pressure 29/27 bar, gas-water ratio 10:1, liquid volumetric flowrate 5 mL/min. The process remained stable, achieving 98 % removal of CO 2 under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the CO 2 concentration in the purified gas was maintained below 3 %. Additionally, a significant number of micro-nano bubbles were observed in the absorption water obtained through this mixer, and the releasing of CO 2 from the water lasted 5 days. These results indicated the excellent decarbonization performance of the finger-crossed microchannel in pressurized water scrubbing and potential application value of new ways of CO 2 absorption water without desorption. • Finger-crossed microchannel enhances the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency. • Gas-liquid contact time had a significant effect on the decarbonization. • Micro-nano bubbles produced by micro-mixing are conducive to decarbonization. • CO 2 absorption water has remarkable slow-release characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonizing industrial processes is crucial for achieving net-zero targets, with process heat electrification emerging as a key pathway. Heat pumps (HPs) are pivotal for this transition. This study introduces a novel methodology to construct exemplar profiles for specific energy demands, representative profiles for various production capacities, and energy demand profiles at product, subsector, or sector levels, using Swiss chocolate production as a case study. Exemplar profiles offer flexibility in generating representative profiles based on production capacities, aiding in identifying integration opportunities and sizes for HPs. Sector-wide profiles provide a broader perspective, aiding in visualizing bottom-up sector-wide potential for HPs. Based on the analysis of four representative profiles for Swiss chocolate production, two potential standard heat pump (SHP) and three high-temperature heat pump (HTHP) integration opportunities were identified. Techno-economic data from 30 commercially available HPs were collected, assessing their cost-effectiveness for Swiss chocolate manufacturing using the levelized cost of saved energy and CO 2 abatement. Factors such as company size and electricity and natural gas prices impact the cost-effectiveness of HP integration. Despite variations, HPs with real coefficients of performance above 2.6 generally prove cost-effective for average energy prices and current CO 2 levies in Swiss chocolate production. Bottom-up estimations of HP integration potentials using product-specific energy demand profiles suggest a potential reduction of CO 2 emissions by up to 56% and an improvement in energy efficiency by up to 28% in Swiss chocolate production. • Bottom-up sectorial profiles are used to identify HP integration potential. • HP integration can potentially achieve up to 56% CO 2 abatement. • HP integration can potentially achieve up to 28% reduction in energy demand. • All HPs with COP greater than 2.6 are cost-effective except for very small companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major share of energy consumption during steel manufacturing is spent on iron making. The unavailability of the required quantity of recyclable steel in India has made the industries depend on sponge iron (SI) for steel manufacturing. However, 78.5% of the SI manufactured in India uses coal as an energy source. Thus, increasing the carbon footprint of steel manufactured in India by 18% compared to the global level. Hence, in this study, the potential of palm kernel shell charcoal (PKSC) to decarbonize the rotary kiln-based SI production process was analysed by framing three scenarios and comparing them with the business-as-usual (BAU). Meanwhile, the life cycle assessment of the SI production through different scenarios was done to identify the sustainability of the process. A cradle-to-gate approach was adopted, and it was found that during BAU, the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were 2525 CO 2eq. /t SI. However, usage of PKSC (scenario 3) in the SI production process aided in achieving negative net GHG emissions of −41 kg CO 2eq. /t SI. Meanwhile, the net GHG emission was 1092 kg CO 2eq. /t SI and 1197 kg CO 2eq. /t when the coal used in the feed and injection end was replaced with PKSC in scenario 1 and scenario 2, respectively. Thus, the usage of the PKSC instead of coal can abet in decarbonizing the sponge iron industry thereby aiding in reducing the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of steel in India to 2.4 t by 2030–31. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) and hydrogen (H 2) present substantial feedstock potential for advancing sustainability in the chemical industry. In this paper, a new integrated system is proposed consisting of four subsystems, including an ICT-OEC six-step Cu–Cl cycle, a CO 2 capture using monoethanolamine (MEA), an ammonia production unit, and a methanation unit. The simulation of these subsystems was carried out using Aspen Plus software. Based on literature indicating a 3-step Cu–Cl cycle producing 125 TPD of hydrogen, comparative simulations of a similar-capacity six-step Cu–Cl cycle were conducted for the current analysis. All related values correspond to it. Converting CO 2 into methane and nitrogen into ammonia holds great promise in reaching the net-zero target and fostering sustainability. A comprehensive cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) investigates the environmental impacts of ammonia and methane production using green hydrogen and CO 2. Significantly, the utilization of renewable energy sources such as nuclear, wind, and hydropower in the CO 2 refinery process generates a net negative Global Warming Potential (GWP). It was noted that the GWP value of the electrical grid could increase significantly, reaching up to 370,000 kg CO 2 eq., particularly when producing 23,277.2 kg/h of ammonia and 2141.71 kg/h of methane at a hydrogen consumption rate of 5211 kg/h (125 metric tons of H 2 per day). The significant environmental impact of the CO 2 refinery process is notably influenced by the choice of electrical grid mix as the energy source. However, in the case of photovoltaics as an energy source, the value of 0.517 kg sb eq, surpasses that of the electrical grid mix. However, nuclear energy emerges as a particularly low-GWP impact, with values of −4190 and −4140 CO 2 kg eq. for the 3-step and 6-step Cu–Cl cycles, respectively. The findings suggest that the CO 2 refinery process generates a carbon credit in both scenarios. Based on the findings of this study, policymakers have a basis for developing effective strategies to address and alleviate environmental impacts. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) make up the majority of the raw biogas produced by anaerobic digestion (AD). Increasing the process intensity by concurrently consuming CO 2 in the presence of electron donors will enhance the gross calorific value of the biogas. The use of conductive materials (CM) and an electro-methanogenic (EM) process was evaluated to study carbon conversion efficiency to CH 4 with simultaneous biogas upgradation. Five reactors (R1-control; R2-Granular Activated Carbon (GAC); R3- Nano Zero Valent Iron (NZVI); R4- Closed Circuit (CC); R5-Applied Potential (AP)) were operated using glucose as a source of carbon (30 g/L) to relatively examine the sustainable effect of CM and EM on methanogenesis. Higher biogas yield with higher CH 4 production and accumulation of acetic acid was observed more in the NZVI system followed by AP, CC, GAC, and Control operation. NZVI supplemented significantly added to biogas upgradation (7.6 L) with a concurrent CO 2 decrease (87%) as compared to the GAC (3.868 L, 43%) and EM (AP, 4.89 L, 52%; CC, 4.73 L, 49%) but its sacrificial and oxidation nature offsets its translation potential. The electron flux generated in AP and CC reactors had a strong regulatory effect that increased CO 2 conversion and utilization towards CH 4 compared to other circumstances. The genus-level metagenomic analysis showed a predominance of Clostridium , Ruminococcus , and Acetobacter species in all the reactors except the control. The life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis depicted that the system variation studied showed relatively low CO 2 emission in the test condition with NZVI showing the least emission followed by AP and CC. This work offers a method for improving overall CH 4 production while overcoming the constraints in methanogenesis, using the influence of in situ carbon flux making the process sustainable. [Display omitted] • Influence of CM and EM on methanogenic process. • NZVI-4.6 L followed by AP-2.6 L, CC-2.46 L and GAC-2.16 L had highest CH 4 production. • In-situ CO 2 conversion was observed towards CH 4 production. • Enrichment of CO 2 consuming bacteria in NZVI, CC and AP reactors. • LCA showed lower CO 2 -equivalent in NZVI (1.4-fold), AP (1.17-fold) and CC (1.16-fold). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of fossil fuels in various sectors, such as power and heat generation, and the transportation sector has been the primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are the main contributors to global warming. Qatar's oil and gas sector notably contributes to CO 2 emissions, accounting for half of the total emissions. Globally, it is essential to transition into cleaner fossil fuel production to achieve carbon neutrality on a global scale. In this paper, we focus on clean hydrogen, considering carbon capture to make hydrogen a viable low carbon energy alternative for the transition to clean energy. This paper systematically reviews emerging technologies in carbon capture and conversion (CCC). First, the road map stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to reach carbon neutrality is discussed along with pathways to decarbonize the energy sector in Qatar. Next, emerging CO 2 removal technologies, including physical absorption using ionic liquids, chemical looping, and cryogenics, are explored and analyzed regarding their advancement and limitations, CO 2 purity, scalability, and prospects. The advantages, limitations, and efficiency of the CO 2 conversion technology to value-added products are grouped into chemical (plasma catalysis, electrochemical, and photochemical) and biological (photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic). The paper concludes by analyzing pathways to decarbonize the energy sector in Qatar via coupling CCC technologies for low-carbon hydrogen, highlighting the challenges and research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions trading is one of the strategies that may be adopted by corporations seeking to reduce their carbon footprints. Carbon credits can be purchased from firms that perform better than their expected emissions cuts, or from companies that generate carbon dioxide removal using negative emissions technologies. Carbon trading is subject to constraints depending on the rate of generation or consumption of these credits, as well as the timeframe of these flows. In this work, a process integration -based approach is developed for planning carbon trading among corporations. A new pinch analysis methodology is proposed in this work for finding an optimal trading scheme among corporations buying and selling carbon credits. The combination of time intervals during which the credits are generated and purchased by different firms defines a planning horizon within which trading occurs. In the initial targeting step, the overall potential for carbon trading among firms is determined; this step also finds the temporal bottleneck (pinch point), the required import of carbon credits prior to this point in time, and opportunities to export surplus carbon credits afterward. The methodology can be implemented using either a new graphical tool called carbon trading pinch diagram, or the algebraic carbon trading method. Both approaches lead to the construction of the grand composite curve (GCC), which gives in-depth information about how to meet the targets. Three illustrative case studies show how the methodology can be used to identify targets for performance benchmarking, and generate allocation networks that achieve these targets. The graphical approach generates the composite curves for easy visualization, while the algebraic approach is used for speed and accuracy. [Display omitted] • Pinch analysis for optimizing carbon credit trading. • Targets carbon credit import before pinch point. • Graphical and algebraic variants can be used. • Grand composite curve identifies the timing of imports and exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a directionality framework that highlights goal, sector and solution as key dimensions of transformative policy missions. The framework is used to investigate the directionality of process industry decarbonization in Sweden, by analyzing the orientation of projects supported by the major national funding program the 'Industry Leap' between 2017 and 2022. The results show that innovation activities (i) mainly aim to reduce fossil emissions rather than produce negative emissions, (ii) focus on the steel and chemicals industries, and (iii) engage mostly with carbon capture, electrification and hydrogen. This indicates that innovation activities are somewhat narrow and imbalanced, which suggests that policymakers should promote broader experimentation. The theoretical and empirical contribution of this paper supports academics, policymakers and other actors in understanding, evaluating and shaping the directionality of transformative policy missions. [Display omitted] • Transformative policy missions unfold in goal, sector and solution dimensions. • The directionality of process industry decarbonization in Sweden is analyzed. • Innovation activities focus on decarbonizing steel and chemicals production. • Carbon capture, electrification and hydrogen are the main solution pathways. • Swedish policymakers should promote broader experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry is a significant source of global greenhouse gas emissions; therefore, it is crucial to implement decarbonization measures throughout the supply chain (SC) to reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainable development. However, there exists a lack of systematic review regarding decarbonization in textile SCs. The objective of this review is to identify themes related to decarbonization in textile SCs, address research gaps, and propose an integrated framework. To do this, we conducted a systematic literature review of 68 identified papers discussing decarbonization in textile SCs. Based on descriptive and thematic findings, we have developed a comprehensive conceptual framework that synthesizes antecedents, decarbonization practices, influential factors, and outcomes within the context of textile SCs. Furthermore, our review highlights current research gaps and recommends future directions for studying decarbonization in textile SCs. By providing the first comprehensive framework for addressing decarbonization across all stages of the textile SC process, this review contributes significantly to the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water removal during paper manufacturing is of primary importance to production rate and cost efficiency for the pulp and paper industry. It is crucial to develop methods to reduce energy consumption by increasing the percent solids in the paper web entering the dryers from the presses. This research aimed to develop a fundamental understanding of the effect of bio-chemo-mechanical pretreatments on a bleached softwood fiber matrix and evaluate the impact on the percent solids of the paper web after pressing. Experiments included enzymatic, refining, and cationic polymer pretreatments on the bleached softwood pulps, followed by laboratory papermaking and determining the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) after pressing and the pulp and paper properties. The combined effect of mild refining, controlled enzymatic pretreatments, and cationic strength aids proved to enhance the water removal during wet pressing (up to 35 % reduction) and increase paper strength (up to 60 % increase). The results of increased solids after pressing were used to calculate the potential reduction in drying energy during paper manufacturing. Energy savings of around 10 % for paper drying could be achieved through fiber matrix modification by bio-chemo-mechanical pretreatment. Enzymatic pretreatments have previously been conventionally applied before refining as an energy-saving method. However, this research shows that synergistic actions of enzymes added after refining modify the fibers and create the optimal conditions for enhancement in drainage, press dewatering, and paper properties. [Display omitted] • Enzyme-assisted fiber modifications improve press dewatering and paper strength. • Enzyme blends can enhance fiber cell wall flexibility and fibrillation. • Synergistically, enzymes increased ∼35% press dewatering and ∼60% tensile strength. • Enzymes, mild refining, and cationic biopolymers enhance paper process efficiency. • This research introduces alternative methods for decarbonizing the paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important non-metallic mineral, cleaning and upgrading of coal-series kaolin is significantly important to the subsequent processing and utilization. In the work, the triboelectric separation was used to remove the organic carbon from coal-series kaolin, which is based on the differences of mineral conductivities. The effect of applied voltage, feed frequency, and airflow rate on the decarbonization was experimentally studied. The mineral and chemical compositions in coal-series kaolin were tested. The results indicated that the coal-series kaolin sample mainly contained kaolinite and some mineral impurities, such as quartz, dickite, and anatase. The impurities of raw sample consisted of large amounts of organic components and small amounts of impurity elements, such as Si, Fe, Ti, K, Ca, and Mg. Considering both the decarbonization efficiency and recovery efficiency of valuable components, the efficient purification and cleaning of coal-series kaolin can be achieved via the triboelectric separation with various operational factors of the applied voltage U of 28–36 kV, the feed frequency F of 5–10 Hz, and the airflow rate V of 20–30 cm3/s, respectively. In particular under the condition of U = 32 kV, F = 5 Hz, and V = 20 cm3/s, the optimal yield and ignition on loss of concentrates of 67.82% and 17.76% were achieved. Correspondingly, the satisfied decarbonization efficiency and recovery efficiency of valuable components were 27.78% and 73.95%, respectively. The results indicate that the efficient cleaning and upgrading of coal-series kaolin fines can be realized via the novel dry-based technology of triboelectric separation. Image 1 • Triboelectric separation mechanism of mineral particles is clarified. • Effects of various factors on the cleaning efficiency were investigated. • Optimal operational factors were determined to ensure notable decarbonization. • Efficient upgrading of coal-series kaolin was achieved via triboelectric separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental deterioration brought on by the top ten greenhouse gas emitters is a critical worldwide issue with far-reaching ramifications for global economic sustainability. The main purpose of this research is to explore the link between economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and environmental factors with a focus on achieving carbon neutrality without compromising economic growth in the top ten emitting countries by employing a dynamic STIRPAT modeling technique. The data used in this research was taken from various sources, such as the International Energy Agency and the World Bank. The research found a robust association between energy consumption and economic growth, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. The results revealed that carbon emissions (CO 2) are positively related to per capita gross domestic product (PGDP), cubic GDP (G D P 3 ), international tourism arrivals (Tour) and energy consumption (EC), while negatively related to trade openness (TO) and squared GDP (G D P 2 ) in the top ten emitting countries, confirming the N shaped Kuznets curve hypothesis. Trade liberalization also impacted emissions with a coefficient of 0.65 (p < 0.01). The findings suggest that in order to simultaneously achieve carbon neutrality and continue economic development, it is imperative for the major polluting countries to embrace renewable energy sources and enact environmentally beneficial trade and economic measures. [Display omitted] • The study highlights collaboration for carbon neutrality and economic growth. • Results suggest a balance between carbon neutrality & economic vitality. • Renewable energy can drive economic growth while reducing emissions. • Results are policy relevant in achieving carbon neutrality. • The study validates the N shape Kuznets curve hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to simulate the whole steelmaking process cycle based on Direct Reduced Iron and Electric Arc Furnace technologies, by modeling for the first time the reduction furnace based on kinetic approach, to be used as a basis for the environmental and techno-economic plant analysis by adopting different reducing gases. In addition, the impact of carbon capture section is discussed. A complete profitability analysis has been conducted for the first time, adopting a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In detail, the use of syngas from methane reforming, syngas and hydrogen from gasification of municipal solid waste, and green hydrogen from water electrolysis are analyzed. The results show that the Direct Reduced Iron process with methane can reduce CO 2 emissions by more than half compared to the blast furnace based-cycle, and with the adoption of carbon capture, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by an additional 40%. The use of carbon capture by amine scrubbing has a limited economic disadvantage compared to the scenario without it, becoming profitable once carbon tax is included in the analysis. However, it is with the use of green hydrogen from electrolyzer that greenhouse gas emissions can be cut down almost completely. To have an environmental benefit compared with the methane-based Direct Reduced Iron process, the green hydrogen plant must operate for at least 5136 h per year (64.2% of the plant's annual operating hours) on renewable energy. In addition, the use of syngas and separated hydrogen from municipal solid waste gasification is evaluated, demonstrating its possible use with no negative effects on the quality of produced steel. The results show that hydrogen use from waste gasification is more economic with respect to green hydrogen from electrolysis, but from the environmental viewpoint the latter results the best alternative. Comparing the use of hydrogen and syngas from waste gasification, it can be stated that the use of the former reducing gas results preferable, from both the economic and environmental viewpoint. [Display omitted] • CCS plant has higher profitability in the presence of carbon tax than the base plant. • Green H 2 plant needs 5136 annual hours of renewable energy for enviro benefit. • H 2 over syngas, from waste gasification, improves economic and enviro outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving carbon neutrality in China critically depends on the successful decarbonization of its iron and steel sector. While previous studies have primarily focused on improving technology performance in steel production processes, the potential CO 2 reduction through material efficiency strategies for steel demand management remains largely unexplored. To bridge this research gap, this study aims to quantitively assess the co-benefits of CO 2 reduction from implementing energy and material efficiency strategies along China's steel flow chain. By integrating dynamic steel flow analysis with a CO 2 accounting model, this model traces energy use, material flows, and CO 2 emissions along the steel flow chain, then evaluates the CO 2 reduction potential of implementing various mitigation strategies by 2060, and finally quantifies the relative contribution of each strategy. The findings indicate that the coordination of energy and material efficiency strategies can reduce CO 2 by more than 80% from the business-as-usual level by 2060. In particularly, the strategies of more recycling, longer lifetimes, and energy efficiency improvements are projected to contribute −68%, −43%, and −11% of CO 2 reduction, respectively, even amidst an expected +29% rise of CO 2 emissions driven by economic growth. The study can provide more promising options for decarbonizing China's iron and steel sector and lays the foundation for future analyses that seek to integrate demand-side material efficiency strategies in China's steel decarbonization modeling. [Display omitted] • Incorporating material efficiency strategies in China's steel decarbonization modeling • Proposing a model that integrates dynamic steel flow and CO2 accounting model • Coordinated energy and material efficiency strategies is key to decarbonizing CISS • Material efficiency strategies are expected to play key roles in decarbonization • Longer lifetimes, recycling, and energy efficiency contribute significantly [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations created the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) to serve as a compass for a better future, i.e., for a sustainable future, a green, socially and financially prosperous tomorrow. Due to the significant responsibility of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to environmental dilapidation and destruction, they are an essential engine to the green transition. Business activities are central to achieving SDG12. This article focuses on the contribution of European SMEs to carbon neutrality. We explore the influence of SMEs' investment in micro resource-efficiency actions on adopting macro measures of carbon neutrality and whether investments, financial, administrative, and regulatory requirements influence the implementation of resource efficiency practices. This is the first attempt to explore the interrelationship between micro resource efficiency and macro climate change measures. A quantitative analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and the partial least squares method. Data from 2021 included 17,144 European SMEs and were retrieved from the fifth wave of the Flash Eurobarometer 498. The results reveal that SMEs' implementation of resource-efficient actions at the micro level positively influenced the adoption of macro-level measures for decarbonization. Furthermore, implementing these micro-measures was positively influenced by business investment and negatively affected by external sources of finance and regulatory and administrative requirements. Overall, the findings indicate that European SMEs still have a long way to go toward the twelfth SDG and decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonization is among the most important research topics in the maritime sector, where different technical and operational measures are being examined to enhance the sustainability of marine operations. Electrification of fishing vessels stands out as a solution towards reducing emissions and operating costs. However, sustainable decarbonization of fishing vessels requires a high share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power sector. It is also challenging to achieve the sustainable decarbonization of fishing vessels operating in an isolated energy system (IES) in remote areas. The novelty of this study is to demonstrate the opportunities arising from the nexus between fully electric fishing vessels and photovoltaic (PV) power systems in the IES of an island. The study highlights the economic and environmental benefits of integrating all-electric fishing vessels in the IES with 100% RES. The energy modelling of the IES was simulated in the EnergyPLAN. The paper confirms that charging battery-powered electric fishing vessels in the fishing port can reduce the critical excess of electricity production (CEEP), operating IES costs, and the emissions of CO 2. The presented mathematical model is applicable to other ship types and renewable-based IESs if the input data required for such simulations are known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonizing offshore oil and gas fields is crucial in the global fight against climate change. To achieve this objective, the offshore oil and gas industry has embraced innovative energy systems, including microgrids that seamlessly integrate renewable energy sources like floating wind turbines. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into an integrated energy management system for an offshore microgrid, encompassing three platforms and a floating wind farm, along with green hydrogen production and storage facilities. The operational decision-making process for such a complex microgrid, involving numerous assets, presents notable challenges. To address this, a sophisticated smart management system is employed, enabling efficient optimization with advanced forecasting capabilities to identify the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly version of the microgrid's operation. To overcome the intricacies of optimization and computational constraints, a novel hybrid optimization approach, with a platform-centric strategy, is utilized. Leveraging real-world operational data, the study harnesses an innovative online optimization method fortified with state-of-the-art AI algorithms. The results of the optimization are benchmarked against a rule-based operation, wherein no formal optimization occurs, but the most economically viable decisions are made. The findings underscore the effectiveness of the developed optimization method, leading to a significant 16% reduction in operational costs and carbon-based emissions compared to the rule-based approach. This study effectively demonstrates the real-world applicability of the developed method by applying and testing the smart management system on an actual offshore platform with minimal simplifications. The investigation provides valuable evidence of the method's adaptability to complex operational scenarios, highlighting its potential for practical implementation in the offshore oil and gas industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in Nanhai, this paper adopts an analytical framework to examine how a combination of infrastructure-pull, supply-push and demand-pull initiatives implemented by a small district government in southern China were able to facilitate socio-technical transitions to the public transport decarbonization through the establishment of hydrogen refuelling infrastructures, the adoption of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and the development of production network on FCEVs. With neither massive investment from the central government nor captive linkage with global automakers, Nanhai out-performs other automotive powerhouses in China by accounting for 9.85 percent of FCEVs and 4.59 percent of all operating hydrogen refuelling stations in China, despite its land area only accounting for 0.01 percent of the country. The provision of hydrogen infrastructures and other pro-active local government initiatives (including financial incentives) facilitate the development of a competitive regionalized production network of about 90 (privately-owned) fuel cell electric buses makers and parts suppliers around the Xianhu Hydrogen Valley in Nanhai. This finding enhances our understanding on effects of (local) state policies on the socio-technical transitions to public transport decarbonization and the long-term development of hydrogen economies in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigation of CO 2 emissions is the greatest task of this century. It requires the abandonment of fossil fuels and the complete restructuring of industrial processes. Earlier concepts for CO 2 mitigation focused exclusively on emission control. Here, a system of resource control is proposed that limits the extraction of fossil fuels and abiotic resources, as well as the use of land. Efforts in the reduction of resource consumption are often accompanied by switching to other resources as the replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels shows. For preventing this shift, a global system of resource control is desirable. For this purpose, resource shares are generated and distributed to the world's population for purchasing products made by virgin resources. These shares are handed from merchants via manufacturers to resource producers, who return them to an administrative body as an extraction fee. Trading between individuals allows persons with low resource consumption to achieve an additional income, while high resource consumption results in higher expenditures. A specified inflation rate on resource prices reduces consumption over the years to a sustainable limit. This proposal focuses particularly on fossil fuel extraction, which represents about 75% of all resources covered by this scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ceramic industry is a primary contributor to carbon emissions, but its technological decarbonization routes remain underexamined. This article is one of the first to explore the decarbonization routes available to the ceramic industry in reducing carbon emissions and to assess the economic feasibility of these options. We considered 14 green technologies across four categories: energy substitution, energy efficiency improvement, material consumption reduction, and process improvement. We developed a methodological framework to evaluate the decarbonization potential and costs of these technologies through quantitative models and to construct a decarbonization route based on the evaluation results. Using Huida Group Co. Ltd., a world-leading ceramic manufacturer, as a case study, we identified technological decarbonization routes for the ceramic industry. Our findings showed that replacing coke oven gas with natural gas or green hydrogen results in the most significant carbon reduction. Considering the economic feasibility, energy efficiency improvement technologies, lightweight product design, and waste recycling are the most effective, reducing total emissions by 4.31%, 2.58%, and 1.83%, respectively, while also increasing profits. Clean energy and electrification are the most promising long-term decarbonization pathway. The use of green hydrogen in the firing process can reduce emissions by 30.10% with an added cost of 907.54CNY/t of products. This cost will be reduced to zero when the price of hydrogen is lower than 8.70 CNY/kgH 2 and the price of carbon trading is higher than 500 CNY/tCO 2. Finally, using an electric heater and microwave drying technique can reduce carbon emission by 6.09% and 12.23%, respectively, for producing one ton of ceramic products, when the emission factor of the power grid is 0.23 tCO 2 /MWh. • A framework is developed to make decarbonization decisions for ceramic manufacturers. • A carbon emission accounting model is built for the ceramic production processes. • Novel models are established to evaluate the decarbonization technologies and routes. • The decarbonization potential and cost of 14 technologies are quantitatively analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large portion of global carbon emissions are attributable to electricity generation. Several previous studies indicate that both electricity cost and carbon emission reductions are not attainable with stand-alone battery energy storage systems for residential buildings. However, in this study, lithium-ion battery energy storage dispatch (charging and discharging) is optimized as a multi-objective decarbonization and cost-saving strategy in ten commercial and industrial facilities. The analysis tests 100 energy storage capacities, 5 discharge times, and 2 control strategies with and without enrollment in event-based demand response. Unlike smaller energy consumers, the results show significant indirect CO 2 emissions reductions (>31%) paired with significant electricity cost reductions (>10%) are possible from stand-alone battery energy storage systems in a large commercial facility. Additionally, the results indicate that enrollment in the event-based demand response program and dispatch under the load shifting control strategy are always optimal to minimize both the discounted payback period and the indirect CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the global challenge of climate change and achieve sustainable development, decarbonizing the electric power system in China is considered the most imperative since the power sector is highly related to the decarbonization of other sectors. Significantly, China faces the dual challenges of rapidly growing electricity demand coupling with its commitment to of emission mitigation. This study examines the low-carbon transition and sustainable development of China's power system through 2035 using a multi-stage mixed-integer linear programming generation planning model by matching future demand growth trajectories with the least-cost power supply path. The electric power installed capacity, power generation, carbon emission, power-generating cost, and abatement potentials are analyzed through various scenarios. It is found that China's electricity demand will reach 9800–13300 Terawatt-hours in 2035 due to rapid electrification. Every 1 TWh increase in electricity demand requires 0.41–0.53 GW of newly installed capacity. Reducing the proportion of coal-fired power generation and replacing it with renewable energy is inevitable. However, for every 1 GW of coal power retired, 3.7 GW of renewable energy needs to be built. Incorporating electricity demand-side management is crucial to developing an effective decarbonization pathway for China's power sector, along with inclusive policies and technologies to meet China's requirements for dependable, affordable, and sustainable electricity. The results of this paper can provide a reference for policy makers in China as well as other emerging economies. • China's electricity consumption will continue to rise until 2035 and China will reach emission peak of power sector before 2030. • Meeting China's decarbonization requires gradually reducing coal-fired power capacity by up to the year 2020's 40.5% ty. • Every 1 GW of coal-power retirement requires the construction of 3.7 GW of renewable power capacity. • Demand-side management is crucial to easing high electricity demands for an effective power decarbonization trajectory in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immense decarbonization from power generation plants has been aware of to achieve net zero targets with clean energy transition. Applying life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to the studies of coal-fired power plants with carbon capture and utilization technology helps to evaluate and avoid the potential environmental risks. In this study, carbon dioxide emissions are captured from 655 MW ultra-supercritical (USC) Mae Moh coal-fired power plant in Thailand and then utilized it in alternative CO 2 -based methanol and CO 2 -based formic acid productions. According to the environmental and economic analyses of the alternative CO 2 -based productions compared to the conventional productions, higher environmental impact and costs are resulted at 6 out 8 investigated impacts with 1227 US$ per ton of CO 2 -based methanol production and 2 out of those with 1044 US$ per ton of CO 2 -based formic acid production. • LCA and cost analysis of methanol and formic acid from CO 2 captured were performed. • LCA and cost analysis help support the decision-maker in decarbonization. • Sensitivity of carbon-based products had been analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no one-size-fits-all solution for global energy sustainability. It is affected by a country's policies, resources, financing opportunities, the attention given to it, and the degree to which other pressing issues, such as poverty and access to power, are addressed in each country. This paper used 28 indicators to assess a country's energy sustainability. These indicators ranged from CO 2 per capita emissions to the share of electricity production from wind. The indicators were adjusted so that the lower values were more sustainable. 31 countries were selected. Kohonen's self-organizing maps were used to present this 28-dimensional model in a 2D map. This algorithm is a type of artificial neural network trained by unsupervised learning. Eight clusters of countries were found through the analysis using the four-light traffic panel, where green is the most sustainable, followed by blue, yellow, and red. The closeness on the map does not guarantee that two countries will be in the same cluster. Three color matches and closeness were the criteria for the creation of clusters. The energy transition from the map's lower to upper sides is plainly visible. Red clusters make up the lower side, while green clusters make up the top. One blue cluster and two yellow clusters are located between them. The algorithm converged in the 133rd iteration; the quantization error reached 0 and the topological error reached a value of 25. This method can be used to visualize how far or close a country is to the best achievers. It shows which parameters can or should be improved and what the world trend is. If there is a trend, cost-effective solutions are frequently present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new approach, using a hybrid model, to analyze the technical carbon mitigation potential and propose decarbonization action plans, for the Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA), Thailand. A complete sectoral analysis was performed to show how a low-carbon society (LCS) could be developed by adopting various countermeasures. Energy service demand and carbon mitigation policy plans for the BMA are presented. The Bilan Carbone model—scenario-based modeling—was used for the first time for such an application. Bilan Carbone functions through Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) which provides a systematic methodology for combining inputs with cost/benefit information and stakeholder views, to rank policy alternatives. The base year was 2015 and the target year 2050, for the mitigation potential scenario analysis. The results show that the CO 2 emissions in the city will increase from 43 MtCO 2 e in 2015 to 149 MtCO 2 e in 2050. The largest potential for CO 2 emission reduction is in the industrial sector (13%) and least potential is found in the “others” sector (4%), but these could all be achieved through energy-efficiency improvements. The BMA can be a low-carbon society by following the optimal solutions provided under the 2050 LCS scenario and can lower emissions by 50% compared to the 2050 BAU scenario. A carbon mitigation policy action framework was designed, with 9 policy action plans detailing all the low-carbon countermeasures and roadmaps to a low-carbon society. Such quantification at the city level may help policy makers in managing energy issues and implementation of climate-change mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, reduction of CO 2 emissions from the steel industry has been of great importance. Carbon capture, oxygen blast furnaces and top gas recycling technologies, among others, have been deeply studied as low carbon solutions. In this paper, a novel integration of carbon capture and power to gas technologies in the steelmaking industry is presented. Green hydrogen via proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and CO 2 via methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) scrubbing from the blast furnace gas (BFG) are used to produce synthetic natural gas in an isothermal fixed bed methanation plant. The latter gas is injected into the blast furnace, closing a carbon loop and reducing coal consumption. The oxygen by-produced in the electrolyser covers the entire oxygen demand of the steelmaking plant and avoids the need for an air separation unit (ASU). The novelty of this work relies on the variation of the oxygen enrichment and its temperature in the hot blast, and how it influences the power to gas integration concept. This power to gas integration is compared with a conventional BF-BOF plant from a technical, economic, energy and environmental point of view. Both plant process configurations were implemented in Aspen Plus simulations, assessing the fossil fuel demand, energy penalty, cost and CO 2 emissions. Emission reduction up to 34% can be achieved with power to gas integration, with an energy penalty of 17 MJ/t HM and a cost of 352 €/t CO2. • Novel concept of power to gas integration in the steel industry. • Indirect electrification of the steel industry. • CO2 and coal use reductions up to 34 and 33%, respectively. • Improved fulfilment of downstream energy requirement needs. • CO2 abatement cost of 52 and 233 € per ton of hot rolled coil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions are the main cause of air pollution and climate change and demand immediate and long-term solutions. The provision of effective, cost-effective energy solutions and the assurance of energy security without producing emissions depend on technological innovation. Power electronics technologies are wildly used for reliably and efficiently interfacing renewable energy sources with the grid and realizing system control and grid decarbonization. Moreover, the energy industries around the world are now implementing inverters in large scale renewable energy plants and grid systems that operate on medium voltage to meet the global energy demand. Medium-voltage inverters in this regard are applied frequently to wide range of renewable energy applications and grid integrations due to their superiorities over conventional low-voltage inverters. Although several reviews have been conducted for low voltage inverters, state-of-the-art configurations and energy management schemes of medium voltage inverters in renewable integrations and grid decarbonization have not yet been thoroughly investigated and comprehensively reviewed. In the light of this, the manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of the cutting-edge medium voltage inverter technology from the perspectives of structural analysis, model development, major findings, research gaps, and their applications in grid integration of renewable energy sources and grid decarbonization. Furthermore, it provides thorough analyses of the framework, strengths, limitations, and mathematical models of energy management schemes developed for these inverters. Overall, the discussions, analyses, concerns, and recommendations can help researchers, practicing engineers, and decision-makers with useful references and directions on the emerging renewable integrated inverter applications on grid decarbonization for a cleaner future. • Impacts of MVIT in grid decarbonization are demonstrated. • Issues and challenges of MVIT and their energy management schemes are highlighted. • MVIT configurations, their applications and role in grid decarbonization are discussed. • Important recommendations and future direction are delivered to researchers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming, climate change, and resource depletion have forced us to reconsider energy usage and efficiencies over the last few decades. Residential and commercial buildings are both large energy consumers, so improving energy and material usage efficiency in this sector is a common research topic. According to a recent study, the Building Sector (BS) accounts for 40% of greenhouse gas emissions. The primary objective of this paper is to examine and assess the potential of Renewable Energy Systems (RES) and their combinations for enhancing energy efficiency in the BS. Specifically, the focus will be on converting low energy-efficient buildings into highly efficient ones. The potential of the RES and their combinations for the BS is evaluated based on payback durations, energy generation, and reduction of CO 2 emissions. The optimization flow charts for the RES, feasibility studies, commercialization road maps of energy storage systems and the necessity of control mechanisms for enhancing RES efficiency were discussed. Additionally, the technology drawbacks are discussed, along with various innovative techniques recommended to direct future study in this area. Finally, this article assists the audience clear idea in the selection of the right combination of potential RES based on different conditions to achieve deep decarbonization in BSs. • Buildings sector (BS) responsible for 40% of GHG emissions. • Study assesses potential of Renewable Energy System (RES) in BS. • RES evaluated on payback, energy generation, and CO 2 reduction. • Optimization, feasibility and commercialization studies were discussed. • Article recommends right RES combinations for deep decarbonization in BS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between government and industry have the characteristics of leader-follower games. To protect the environment, the government uses regulations and economic instruments to indirectly influence operational and investment decisions in industry. The government needs to calibrate its policies while considering industry's self-interested, cost-minimizing reactions. In this paper, a leader-follower model is developed as a bilevel mixed integer linear program for the selection of carbon emissions mitigation measures. It is assumed that the government sets the emissions reduction target, percentage subsidy for mitigation measures, and economic penalty for excess carbon emissions; in response to these policies, industry then chooses mitigation measures to be implemented. The model is demonstrated with a case study on maritime shipping emissions, where a heuristic solution is identified using a fuzzy interactive optimization algorithm. The solution achieves 11.5% reduction in emissions through the implementation of six mitigation measures, of which only one is subsidized. General implications of these results for decarbonization policy are also discussed. [Display omitted] • A bilevel optimization model for industrial decarbonization portfolios is developed. • Government-industry interaction is modelled as a Stackelberg game. • The model is demonstrated on a maritime carbon emissions reduction case study. • Implications for policy development and engineering decision-making are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the least-cost greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement pathway for a coupled energy system. We consider the roles of diverse abatement technologies, such as renewable electricity generation, biomass and carbon capture and storage (CCS), as well as sources of operational flexibility, such as peaking generators, electricity storage, transmission and electrolysis. Scenario and sensitivity analyses are applied to explore plausible pathways to energy system decarbonization. All modelled pathways to a zero-emissions energy system feature an accelerating transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy with diverse technologies playing a role. This includes variable renewable generators (VRG), CCS, and sources of operational flexibility on different timescales. Specifically, synchronous condensers appear to be a cost-effective option to control system frequency, inter-seasonal hydrogen storage in engineered caverns can play a significant and complementary role to that of pumped hydro and battery storage, and technologies that capture and sequester atmospheric carbon, including biomass-to-CCS and direct air capture (DAC), can also play a significant role in the transition to net-zero emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming the construction sector is key to reaching net-zero, and many stakeholders expect its decarbonization through digitalization, but no quantified evidence has been brought to date. This article proposes the first environmental quantification of the impact of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the construction sector. Specifically, the direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by a monofunctional BIM to plan road maintenance – a Pavement Management System (PMS) - are evaluated using field data from France. The related carbon footprints are calculated following a life cycle approach, using different sources of data – including ecoinvent v3.6 – and the IPCC 2013 GWP 100a characterization factors. Three design-build-maintain pavement alternatives are compared: scenario 1 relates to a massive design and surface maintenance, scenario 2 to a progressive design and pre-planned structural maintenance, and scenario 3 to a progressive design and tailored structural maintenance supported by the PMS. First, results show the negligible direct emissions due to the PMS existence – 0.02% of the life cycle emissions of scenario 3's pavement, e.g. 0.52 t CO2eq for 10 km and 30 years. Second, the base case and two complementary sensitivity analyses show that the use of a PMS is climate-positive over the life cycle when pavement subgrade bearing capacity improves over time, neutral for the climate otherwise. The GHG emissions savings using BIM can reach up to 14 and 30% of the life cycle emissions respectively compared to scenario 2 and 1, and resp. 47 and 65% when restraining the scope to maintenance and rehabilitation and excluding original pavement construction. Third, the neutral effect of BIM in case of a deterioration of the bearing capacity of the subgrade may be explained by design practices and safety margins, that could in fact be enhanced using BIM. Fourth, the decarbonization potential of a multifunctional BIM is discussed, and research perspectives are presented. • The GHG emission balance from using BIM in construction is quantified for the first time. • BIM usage to tailor pavement maintenance is globally positive for the climate. • Life-cycle GHG reduction can reach up to 30%, and up to 65% for maintenance stage. • Direct emissions from the manufacturing and operation of BIM are negligible (0.02%). • GHG consequences from other BIM usages than tailored maintenance must be checked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steel industry is a major contributor to emissions of CO 2 and key air pollutants. Reducing air pollution has since long been a policy priority in China. Reducing CO 2 emissions has more recently also become a key priority partially manifested through the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015. Although there are often synergies between reducing CO 2 emissions and air pollution, it may have implications for the geographical location if one is prioritized over the other, with subsequent effects on local economies and overall policy efficiency. Therefore, we build a top-down optimization model to assess the provincial allocation of steel production, air pollution impact and the cost for meeting the target of peaking CO 2 emissions in 2025 and reducing them by 30% in 2030. This short-term reduction target can be regarded as the first steps for China's steel industry to meet the national net zero target and the Pairs agreement. We analyze a scenario to minimize air pollution impact and compare this with a scenario to minimize CO 2 mitigation costs. The results show that it is possible to peak CO 2 emissions in 2025 and reduce them by 30% in 2030 but the resulting scrap demand requires increased quality scrap collection or imports. The total cost for different scenarios is similar but optimizing on abatement cost leads to lower cumulative CO 2 emissions 2021–2030 compared to optimizing on pollution impact. If reducing pollution impact is the main objective, it leads to 22–26% lower pollution impact than when optimizing on abatement costs, and less primary production in densely populated areas. This implies that policy must handle trade-offs between cost optimal mitigation and pollution impact, as well as effects on local economies. Policy must also balance the accelerated introduction of Electric Arc Furnaces while simultaneously reducing overcapacity in primary production. • Chinese steel industry can peak emissions in 2025 and reduce them by 30% in 2030. • Scrap availability is the main constraint for reducing emissions by 30% in 2030. • The choice of strategy affects where future production will be located. • Increasing shares of EAF and reducing overcapacity should be balanced. • 122 Mt BF-BOF capacity should be phased-out from 2020 to 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a 100% renewable system configured based on its real potential and use of renewable energies for the Ecuadorian Amazon, considered one of the places with the greatest diversity of native plant species on the planet. The transition processes that are born from the central state seek to take a radical turn in the electricity sector but there is still no defined roadmap, this is where this research will allow it to be an important reference for its long-term transformation. The current system is based on fossil fuels and in this study an energy transition process is planned with the support of the EnergyPLAN tool that puts into practice the concept of intelligent energy, progressively and systematically achieving 100% renewable energy for 2050. Finally, after analyzing the results, it is concluded that the energy mix for 2050 can consider 36.47% hydro, 33.04% solar photovoltaic, 29.73% wind energy and other technologies to a lesser extent with 0.74%. Surpluses can be injected into the interconnection sites with Colombia and Peru, also achieving economic income to preserve and expand the infrastructure of the electricity sector. Decision makers can consider this study as a reference before committing economic resources and carrying out modern energy planning. [Display omitted] • A smart Renewable Energy approach is presented. • A convergent method is developed for greater contributions from wind and solar PV. • The proposal launched is to leave the oil underground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producing a valuable chemical product through diversion of wet wastes can simultaneously resolve the problems associated with increasing wastes and greenhouse gas emissions from conventional chemical production processes. In this work, we investigated the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, water, and fossil-fuel consumption for waste-derived polylactic acids (PLA) from three different waste feedstocks, namely wastewater sludge, food waste, and swine manure, using the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies (GREET) model. The decarbonization potential of replacing fossil-based resins with the waste-derived polymer was also investigated. The results show that swine manure-to-PLA pathway was the least carbon intensive (−1.4 kgCO 2 e/kg) among the three waste-to-PLA pathways on a cradle-to-grave basis, followed by the food waste case (−1.3 kgCO 2 e/kg) and then by the wastewater sludge case (0.6 kgCO 2 e/kg). In the baseline scenario, all three waste-to-PLA pathways were less carbon intensive than both fossil-based PET and HDPE on a cradle-to-grave basis: 66% (vs. PET) and 56% (vs. HDPE), 171 and 192%, 181 and 205% reduction in GHG emissions for wastewater sludge-, food waste-, and swine manure-to-PLA pathway, respectively. For all sensitivity cases investigated, the food waste- and swine manure-to-PLA pathways were significantly less carbon intensive than their fossil-counterparts. In terms of the annual decarbonization potential of replacing fossil-based PET or HDPE, the wastewater sludge- and food waste-pathway showed higher mitigation potential than the swine manure-pathway: i) 18–28 kilotons CO 2 e-reduction per year for wastewater sludge pathway; ii) 23–26 kTCO 2 e-reduction/yr for food waste pathway; and iii) about 5 kTCO 2 e-reduction/yr for swine manure pathway depending on the type of conventional resin replaced. However, given the abundant availability of the swine manure feedstocks across the United States, the decarbonization potential of swine manure-based pathway can also increase as the plant capacity or the number of plants grow. [Display omitted] • Life cycle environmental impacts of waste-to-PLA production from wet wastes are investigated. • Waste-derived PLAs are expected to emit up to 205% less GHGs than their conventional counterparts. • Avoided business-as-usual scenario credits were the greatest mitigator to the PLAs GHG emissions. • Use of renewable energy and lower PLA biodegradability can further decarbonize waste-to-PLA pathways. • About 5–28 kTCO 2 e/yr of GHG mitigation can be achieved by replacing PET or HDPE with the waste-PLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonization is a process that transforms economies to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of economic output, aiming towards net-zero GHG emissions. This process could also reduce short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) emissions, including black carbon and methane. They have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes but have large radiative forcing and impact human health. Therefore, reducing SLCPs can improve air pollution and help mitigate climate change. Costa Rica was one of the first countries to have a decarbonization plan, and many others have stated their goal to reach net-zero emissions by around mid-century. However, reducing SLCP emissions as an economy decarbonizes is not guaranteed, and few examples in the literature have assessed how decarbonization impacts SLCPs. This paper estimates the SLCP emission reductions from Costa Rica's decarbonization plan. Through a value chain analysis and the identification of implementation barriers, the paper also evaluates which policy instruments can advance SLCP mitigation in multiple sectors, creating implementation synergy. We find that mitigation measures, by 2050, in the transport, agricultural, solid waste, and industrial sectors avoid 25.2 kt of black carbon emissions (23 times the 2018 emissions) and 2167 kt of methane (15 times the 2018 emissions). However, the country faces financial and governance challenges in each sector that will need overcoming to implement the intended mitigation measures. We identify a comprehensive environmental tax reform, the overhauling of urban regulatory plans, the strengthening of institutional capabilities, and low-carbon investment with favorable financing as crucial cross-sectoral policy synergies that will advance the implementation of SLCP mitigation. • Decarbonizing can reduce and avoid short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) emissions. • Black carbon and methane (two SLCPs) cause global warming and poor air quality. • Some policy instruments can reduce SLCPs in multiple sectors, causing synergy. • Improved urban planning can favor the mitigation in transport and waste sectors. • Institutional strength and favorable financing are needed to advance mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions are causing a series of environmental problems, seriously threatening the survival and health of human beings, of which the shipping industry accounts for a significant part. Ammonia is a promising carbon-free alternative fuel for carbon emission reduction of marine engines, while the specific application method remains to be discussed. This study explores a potential novel ammonia-diesel stratified injection technology for the application of low-carbon ammonia fuel on marine engines to meet future low-carbon emission regulations. The results illustrate that this strategy can achieve similar engine power as conventional diesel engines and greatly reduce the CO 2 and NO x emissions. The energy ratio of ammonia fuel can be as high as 99%, due to the precise delivery of ammonia to the pilot fuel combustion zone, and the NO x emissions can meet Tier III emission standards at 100% load without any after-treatment because of the heat absorption of ammonia vaporization. Meanwhile, the addition of matching pilot fuel injectors can be avoided to save retrofit and material costs. In addition, the effect of various injection strategies, such as pilot diesel energy proportion, multiple stratified injection and injection pressure, on power and emissions were investigated. The result demonstrated that increasing the injection pressure and pilot diesel proportion can both improve the IMEP but also increase the NO x emissions. While multiple stratified injection has little effect on power and emissions. On the whole, the strategy with high injection pressure and less pilot fuel is the optimal solution to achieve high IMEP, low NO x and carbon emissions. [Display omitted] ● Ammonia and diesel stratified injection can facilitate the application of ammonia. ● This strategy can greatly reduce CO 2 and NO x emissions while increasing IMEP. ● The energy replacement ratio of ammonia can be as high as 99%. ● This strategy can reduce engine modification and save costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]