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The patients who undergo Maintenance Haemodialysis (MHD) have a high prevalence of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation. Because these two conditions often occur concomitantly in the MHD patients, they have been referred to together as the Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome (MICS) or Malnutrition- inflammation atherosclerosis, to underscore the atherosclerotic complications of this entity. MICS is also reported to correlate with a poor outcome, including a decreased quality of life, refractory anaemia and significantly greater rates of hospitalization and mortality in the MHD patients .Indeed, MICS may be the major cause of the paradoxical exposure-outcome association, which is also known as reverse epidemiology of the cardiovascular disease risk factors in the maintenance dialysis patients. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues from the dentition, which results from the infection of and the interaction of selected bacterial species with the components of the host response in disease-susceptible individuals as the haemodialysis (HD) patients. Only in recent years, did an emerging evidence link the dental infection, especially periodontitis, to an increased risk of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In the HD patients, studies have been showing a positive link between periodontal disease and systemic inflammation on correlation between the levels of CRP and immunoglobulin G of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Recent researches have confirmed that the periodontal health is poor in haemodialysis patients and that it correlates with the markers of malnutrition and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim & Objective: The receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), are the important proteins implicated in osteoclastogenesis. This study aimed to identify & quantify RANKL positive cells in gingival tissues in healthy & diseased patients & the study looks for immunohistochemical evidence of the expression of the protein in gingival tissue samples. Materials and Methods: Patients were randomly selected. Thirty subject each for (test & control). Age range of 25-55y, either sex was selected. Tissue samples were collected from Control - Healthy Gingiva & Test-Chronic Periodontitis Patients. Tissue sections were prepared. An Immunohistochemical analysis was done & cell counting was done for RANKL positive cells. Results: Immunohistochemical staining showed that RANKLpositive cells were significantly distributed in the inflammatory epithelium & connective tissue zone of diseased & non-diseased gingiva. RANKL, positive cells was increased significantly in patients with chronic periodontitis (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings imply that in this comparative study of gingival tissue for, RANKL positive cells, these cells were present in both healthy & chronic periodontitis samples, but number of positive cells present is significantly increased in chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]