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Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide, principally because of its late diagnosis. Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in tumour growth and progression via increasing the levels of inflammatory markers in blood. Inflammatory markers are expected to be valuable prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Markers like Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC), Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC), platelet count, Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) may aid in assessing prognosis of lung cancer. Aim: To study the inflammatory markers (ANC, ALC, Platelet count, NLR and PLR) in lung cancer and correlate these markers with cancer stage and histopathological type. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in lung cancer patients at Institute of Respiratory Diseases, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Sixty patients with lung cancer and sixty controls were included. The clinical characteristics, ANC, ALC, platelet count, NLR and PLR of cases and controls were assessed and compared. Also, the comparison of these inflammatory markers with Tumor, Nodes and Metastases (TNM) staging and histopathological type of lung cancer were documented and results were interpreted. The data analysis was done with the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, IBM manufacturer, Chicago, USA, (Ver.) 26. Results: Mean age (years) of the case and control groups was 60.17 and 61.03, respectively. Distribution of gender in cases and controls was comparable. The major histology of lung cancer was Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC, 81.66%) out of which squamous cell carcinoma constituted 55.00% and adenocarcinoma 21.67%, followed by small cell carcinoma at 18.33%. Overall, 46.67% of the patients belonged to TNM staging IVA followed by IIIB (25.00%). The levels of ANC, platelet count, NLR and PLR were significantly elevated and ALC was decreased in cases as compared to control. There was no statistically significant association between the inflammatory markers ANC, ALC, platelet counts, NLR and PLR with the histopathological type of lung cancer. Mean ANC, platelet count, NLR and PLR were found to be significantly elevated in late stages of lung cancer, whereas, ALC had no such association with the stages of lung cancer. Conclusion: Inflammatory markers (ANC, platelet count, NLR, PLR, ALC) can serve as valuable prognostic biomarkers in lung cancer and can easily be used in resource-limited areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In development of cancer chronic inflammation plays a major role. Most established determinants of Prostate Carcinoma (PCa) are modern life style genetics, and age. In the first prostate biopsy, approximately 1 out 5 men i.e., 20% with PCa may be misdiagnosed. Therefore, there is clear requirement of novel markers, which can detect both clinically significant PCa, and prevent unnecessary biopsy. Some solid tumours found to have association of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelate to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) and Red-cell Distribution Width (RDW). Aim: Aim of this study was to scrutinise the significance of association of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), PLR, NLR and RDW with PCa. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using the cross-sectional method in the Department of Pathology, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan between Jan 2018 to Nov 2020. In this cross-sectional study 84 patients who underwent Tran Rectal Ultrasound (TRUS) guided were included. Complete Blood Count (CBC) was used to determine PLR, NLR and RDW and biochemical test for PSA. Patients were divided into two groups; having benign and malignant pathology. Unpaired t-test, Mann-whitney U test, logistic regression analysis and correlation were performed for statistical analysis. Results: With the use of univariate logistic regression, association between PSA, NLR, PLR, RDW values and PCa detection was determined. We found that serum PSA was significantly more in the PCa group (as BPH and prostatitis are both benign conditions so are kept in nonPCa group) compared to other two groups (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in NLR, PLR and RDW values (p=0.150, p=0.070. p=0.441, respectively was found in nonPCa and PCa group). Conclusion: PSA has statistically significant association with PCa group but PLR, NLR and RDW was not considered to be the significant predictor in benign as well as malignant group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The kidney is one of the most highly differentiated organs in the body, affected by various disease processes, some resulting in permanent damage leading to surgical removal of the organ i.e., nephrectomy. Patterns of the indications for nephrectomy vary in different age groups, geographical locations and time periods. Nephrectomy is a common procedure in urological practice done for various conditions like calculi, chronic pylelonephritis, malignancy, obstruction, injury etc., with wide range of morbidity and mortality. Aim: The aim of this study was to study the pattern of histopathological lesions in nephrectomy cases in Southern Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Udaipur, Rajasthan. It was a cross-sectional study performed on 121 patients, from January 2015 to March 2020 in which patient's detail such as age, sex, gross and microscopic findings were retrieved and reviewed. Data was tabulated and analysed. Results: A total of 121 specimens of nephrectomy were included in the study. Among 121 nephrectomy cases, higher incidence was observed in 6th and 3rd decade of life with approximately equal preponderance of male and female; 0.98:1. Out of 121 cases 88 (72.7%) were non-neoplastic and 33 (22.27%) were neoplastic. Conclusion: Benign conditions of kidney are the leading cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in the developing world. In our country, there are an increased number of ESRD which require dialysis and transplantation. This study has been performed to know the different causes of nephrectomy in a tertiary care center of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With advancing health care sciences, the prevalence of Accidental Exposure to Patient's Blood (AEBP) amongst Health Care Personnel (HCP) is bound to increase. The only means of preventing such accidental exposure is safe working practices. It is the responsibility of the teachers to inculcate these practices amongst their students. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge, practice and attitude regarding Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and Hepatitis-B Virus (HBV) immunization amongst faculty and undergraduate students and to assess the frequency of these occupational exposure with the objective of inculcating safe working practices in the teaching curriculum. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study done from May 2012 to August 2012 in a newly established ESIC dental college at Rohini, Delhi. A 36-item survey questionnaire was distributed to 50 faculty and 115 dental undergraduate students. The survey included questions on demographic details of the respondents, the prevalence of AEBP, the knowledge regarding PEP and HBV immunization and the status of the respondents. The data was analysed using SPSS 12.0 software using various statistical tests such as frequency analysis, Chi-square test and others. Results: The mean age of the study group was 23.3±6.3 years. The prevalence of such accidental exposure was high being 49.7% in our study group. More than half of these respondents did not report the injury. The knowledge regarding the transmissibility of blood borne pathogens and the post exposure prophylaxis was suboptimal amongst the students and even teachers. Almost 20% of the study group was not immunized for HBV. Conclusion: Managing AEBP in HCP is a challenging issue. They are highly prevalent, largely underreported and poorly managed because of the unawareness regarding the hospital's protocols for reporting and PEP as is seen in the present study. Besides the administrative measures, orientation and reinforcement training of all the staff including faculty is desirable to maintain high level of knowledge and effectively handle such occupational exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]