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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. Patients with NAFLD are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). In fact, CVD-related mortality is more common in patients with NAFLD in comparison to liver-related mortality. This association is related to the common metabolic risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension shared by both NAFLD and CVD, and also there is independent association of NAFLD with CVD because of risk factors such as insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. While there is abundant literature on association of NAFLD with CVD, there is sparse literature regarding the screening for CVD in patients with NAFLD. In the current review article, we discuss as to which patients with NAFLD to screen and how to screen for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal dysfunction is very common among patients with chronic liver disease, and concomitant liver disease can occur among patients with chronic kidney disease. The spectrum of clinical presentation and underlying etiology is wide when concomitant kidney and liver disease occur in the same patient. Management of these patients with dual onslaught is challenging and requires a team approach of hepatologists and nephrologists. No recent guidelines exist on algorithmic approach toward diagnosis and management of these challenging patients. The Indian National Association for Study of Liver (INASL) in association with Indian Society of Nephrology (ISN) endeavored to develop joint guidelines on diagnosis and management of patients who have simultaneous liver and kidney disease. For generating these guidelines, an INASL-ISN Taskforce was constituted, which had members from both the societies. The taskforce first identified contentious issues on various aspects of simultaneous liver and kidney diseases, which were allotted to individual members of the taskforce who reviewed them in detail. A round-table meeting of the Taskforce was held on 20–21 October 2018 at New Delhi to discuss, debate, and finalize the consensus statements. The evidence and recommendations in these guidelines have been graded according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system with minor modifications. The strength of recommendations (strong and weak) thus reflects the quality (grade) of underlying evidence (I, II, III). We present here the INASL-ISN Joint Position Statements on Management of Patients with Simultaneous Liver and Kidney Disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]