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Introduction: Prostate cancers are infiltrated with Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) expressing Cluster of Differentiation (CD)8+ T-cells which interact with Programmed cell Death Ligand-1 (PDL-1) receptors on Tumour Cells (TC). However, in many studies, male with prostate cancer did not respond to monotherapy (PDL blockade). This unresponsiveness could be due to the fact that prostate cancer usually does not express PDL-1. The PDL-1 expression has demonstrated a significant correlation with increased risk of disease progression in various tumours but data regarding its role in prostate cancer is conflicting. Aim: To study the occurrence rate of PDL-1 expression and its association with tumour aggressiveness in prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Hospital, New Delhi, India, from October 1st, 2018 to April 30th, 2020. A total of 120 males with prostate cancer who had their diagnosis established by a prostate biopsy were included. Histopathology reports were analysed and PDL-1 immunohistochemical staining was carried out with PDL-1 monoclonal antibodies. PDL-1 expression on TCs was defined by the percentage of PDL-1 positive TCs (40), high Gleason score (≥7), distant metastasis and cases with lymphovascular invasion. Conclusion: Present study suggests that PDL-1 is associated with the tumour aggressiveness in prostate cancer patients and can be used for the identification of more aggressive diseases.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a challenge to the healthcare system including urology which is big and formidable. The present scenario has changed the health preferences to emergency and essential services only. Reallocation of healthcare providers, wards and equipments resulted in suspension of all outpatient and elective activities to select only non-deferrable and critical procedures. Consequently, all health care workers including urologists must abide by the recommendations when dealing with the COVID-19 patients. This pandemic has also disrupted the training and education programs of urology residents also. Subsequently, in this review article, authors have discussed the influence of COVID-19 on urological practice. Authors have also reviewed the recommendations on triaging of urology procedures (emergent and non-emergent), office based urological procedures, oncologic surgeries, paediatric urology, urology-pathology interaction and economic burden on healthcare system during COVID-19 pandemic.