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[CD8.sup.+] T cell responses are necessary for immune control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, the key parameters that dictate antiviral potency remain elusive, conceivably because most studies to date have been restricted to analyses of circulating [CD8.sup.+] T cells. We conducted a detailed clonotypic, functional, and phenotypic survey of SIV-specific [CD8.sup.+] T cells across multiple anatomical sites in chronically infected rhesus macaques with high (>10,000 copies/mL plasma) or low burdens of viral RNA (, Introduction [CD8.sup.+] T cells are required to control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) but largely fail to protect infected humans and monkeys from eventual progression to [...]

HIV infection results in gastrointestinal (GI) tract damage, microbial translocation, and immune activation, which are not completely ameliorated with suppression of viremia by antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Furthermore, increased morbidity and mortality of ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals is associated with these dysfunctions. Thus, to enhance GI tract physiology, we treated SIV-infected pigtail macaques with ARVs, probiotics, and prebiotics or with ARVs alone. This synbiotic treatment resulted in increased frequency and functionality of GI tract APCs, enhanced reconstitution and functionality of CD4+ T cells, and reduced fibrosis of lymphoid follicles in the colon. Thus, ARV synbiotic supplementation in HIV-infected individuals may improve GI tract immunity and thereby mitigate inflammatory sequelae, ultimately improving prognosis., Introduction Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment of HIV-infected individuals improves their prognosis; however, ARV-treated individuals still have increased morbidity and mortality compared with uninfected individuals (1). During progressive HIV infection of humans [...]