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Aim: There is rapidly increasing evidence that remission of MDD is associated with substantial changes in functional brain connectivity. These New data have provided a holistic view on the mechanism of antidepressants on multiple levels that goes beyond their conventional effects on neurotransmitters., Method: The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Istanbul Medipol University (10840098-604.01.01-E.65129) and followed the Helsinki Declaration principles. In our study, we have evaluated the effect of six weeks of treatment with antidepressants (escitalopram and duloxetine), and tested the underlying brain functional connectivity through a Graph analysis approach in a well-defined first-episode, drug-naive, and non-comorbid population with MDD., Results: Beyond indicating that there was a significant correlation between the antidepressant response and topological characteristics of the brain, our results suggested that global rather than regional network alterations may be implicated in the antidepressant effect., Conclusion: Despite the small-sample size and non-controlled study design, our study provides important and relevant clinical data regarding the underlying mechanisms of the antidepressants on topological dynamics in the human brain., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Although previous evidence suggest that paracetamol decreases psychological reactivity in healthy subjects, there is still no confirmed correlation between the empathy scores and brain activity in healthy and headache patients after paracetamol treatment., Material and Methods: The study group included 16 patients with tension-type headache, and 12 healthy age-and sex-matched controls. After a detailed neurological examination Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Empathy for Pain Scale (EPS) were applied to all subjects. Next, 1000 mg paracetamol tablet was administered orally, after administration of paracetamol, EPS were repeated, and fMRI was performed to all subjects., Results: We have revealed increased empathy scores in the headache group after the paracetamol treatment which were associated with significant alterations in brain regions which play a critical role in the processing of empathy., Discussion: The observed neuroimaging and clinical difference between healthy and headache subjects could be related to the fact that pain perception in healthy subjects might differ in some aspects from the mechanisms of empathy in headache-experienced patients., Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the paracetamol treatment and neural networks' correlation with pain empathy in healthy and headache individuals., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim of the Study: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been associated with the phenomenon of accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effect of surgery on the ALF phenomena thus contributing to potential explanation of the causal mechanism., Materials and Methods: We evaluated 51 patients with TLE related to hippocampal sclerosis who had amygdalohippocampectomy and had remained seizure-free after surgery. A control group consisted of 24 healthy individuals. All were given a verbal learning test assessing recall after 30 min, 1 week and 6 weeks., Results: In our study, the Left-TLE (L-TLE) group showed a statistically significant reduction in the performance at all assessment intervals from 30 min to 1 week compared to the Right-TLE and control groups regarding verbal learning memory test (VLMT) as well as for logical memory. The forgetting rates in the VLMT from 30 min to 1 week were not statistically significantly different between all 3 groups. The logical memory test results equally showed no statistically significant difference in the forgetting rates for the 3 groups between 30 min and 1 week., Conclusions and Clinical Implications: These results may support ongoing debates assuming the initial low performance in the memory of L-TLE patients to be directly related with left hippocampal-temporal tissue loss irrespective of epileptic activity. The discovery of the ALF phenomenon explains that standard memory tests are unable to detect memory loss in some patients who are experiencing a significant level of problems with forgetfulness in their daily lives., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: We investigated the role of stage of disease, motor status and dopaminergic treatment in cognitive impairment of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with visual hallucination (VH) and the presence of specific cognitive impairment patterns., Method: We compared 33 PD patients with VH (group 1) with 30 PD patients without VH (group 2) with regard to demographic characteristics and neuropsychological test scores., Results: The group with VH demonstrated significantly worse Short Test of Mental Status scores; the cognitive impairment pattern presented in the form of frontal dysfunction and memory deterioration. There were significant differences in Stroop duration/error, verbal fluency, Wechsler Memory Scale and Sozel Bellek Surecleri Test (a Turkish verbal learning test) scores., Conclusion: In PD patients with VH the main pattern of cognitive impairment is frontal dysfunction and memory deterioration. Because visual perceptive functions were not different between the two groups, such deterioration may not be a primary factor in the development of VH.